In the frame of global demand for electrical storage based on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling with a focus on the circular economy is a critical topic. In terms of political incentives, the European legislative is currently under revision. Most industrial recycling processes target valuable battery components, such as nickel and cobalt, but do not focus on lithium recovery. Especially in the context of reduced cobalt shares in the battery cathodes, it is important to investigate environmentally friendly and economic and robust recycling processes to ensure lithium mobilization. In this study, the method early-stage lithium recovery (“ESLR”) is studied in detail. Its concept comprises the shifting of lithium recovery to the beginning of the chemo-metallurgical part of the recycling process chain in comparison to the state-of-the-art. In detail, full NCM (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide)-based electric vehicle cells are thermally treated to recover heat-treated black mass. Then, the heat-treated black mass is subjected to an H₂O-leaching step to examine the share of water-soluble lithium phases. This is compared to a carbonation treatment with supercritical CO₂, where a higher extent of lithium from the heat-treated black mass can be transferred to an aqueous solution than just by H₂O-leaching. Key influencing factors on the lithium yield are the filter cake purification, the lithium separation method, the solid/liquid ratio, the pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere, and the setup of autoclave carbonation, which can be performed in an H₂O-environment or in a dry autoclave environment. The carbonation treatments in this study are reached by an autoclave reactor working with CO₂ in a supercritical state. This enables selective leaching of lithium in H₂O followed by a subsequent thermally induced precipitation as lithium carbonate. In this approach, treatment with supercritical CO₂ in an autoclave reactor leads to lithium yields of up to 79%.

中文翻译：

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从量身定制的热调节黑团块中早期回收锂第一部分：通过超临界CO2-碳动员锂

在全球对基于锂离子电池（LIB）的电存储需求的框架中，以循环经济为重点的电池回收是一个关键主题。在政治激励方面，目前正在修订欧洲立法。大多数工业回收过程都以有价值的电池组件（例如镍和钴）为目标，但并不专注于锂的回收。特别是在减少电池阴极中钴份额的情况下，重要的是研究环境友好，经济和稳健的回收过程，以确保锂的迁移。在这项研究中，对早期锂回收方法（“ ESLR”）进行了详细研究。与最先进的技术相比，其概念包括将锂的回收转移到回收工艺链的化学冶金部分的开始。详细地，对基于NCM（锂镍锰钴酸锂）的完整电动汽车电池进行热处理，以回收经过热处理的黑色物质。然后，将经过热处理的黑块进行H₂ O浸出步骤检查水溶性锂相的份额。这与用超临界CO ₂进行碳酸化处理相比，在碳化处理中，与仅通过H ₂ O浸出相比，来自热处理过的黑块的更多锂可以转移到水溶液中。影响锂收率的关键因素是滤饼的纯化，锂的分离方法，固/液比，热解温度和气氛以及高压釜碳酸化的设置，这些设置可以在H ₂ O环境下或在H ₂ O环境下进行。干燥的高压灭菌环境。本研究中的碳酸化处理是通过使用CO ₂的高压釜反应器实现的。处于超临界状态。这使得能够选择性地浸出H ₂ O中的锂，随后进行热诱导的沉淀，形成碳酸锂。在这种方法中，在高压釜反应器中用超临界CO ₂处理导致锂的产率高达79％。