Elsinoë ampelina is an ascomycetous fungus that causes grape anthracnose, a potentially devastating disease worldwide. In this study, a dual RNA-seq analysis was used to simultaneously monitor the fungal genes related to pathogenesis and grape genes related to defense during the interaction at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postinoculation. Consistent with their potential roles in pathogenicity, genes for carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, pathogen-host interaction, and those encoding secreted proteins are upregulated during infection. Based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transient assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we further showed that eight and nine candidate effectors, respectively, suppressed BAX- and INF1-mediated programmed cell death. The host response was characterized by the induction of multiple defense systems against E. ampelina, including synthesis of phenylpropanoids, stilbenes, and terpenoid biosynthesis, cell-wall modifications, regulation by phytohormones, and expression of defense-related genes. Together, these findings offer new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the grape–E. ampelina interaction.

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Elsinoëampelina是一种子囊真菌，可导致葡萄炭疽病，这种病在全球范围内可能具有破坏性。在这项研究中，双重RNA-seq分析用于在接种后2、3、4和5天的相互作用期间，同时监测与发病机理相关的真菌基因和与防御相关的葡萄基因。与它们在致病性中的潜在作用相一致，在感染过程中，碳水化合物活性酶，次生代谢产物合成，病原体与宿主之间的相互作用以及编码分泌蛋白的基因被上调。基于根癌农杆菌介导的本氏烟草瞬时分析，我们进一步显示了八种和九种候选效应物分别抑制了BAX和INF1介导的程序性细胞死亡。宿主反应的特征是诱导了多种针对氨苄青霉菌的防御系统，包括苯丙烷类化合物，芪，类萜生物合成，细胞壁修饰，植物激素调节以及防御相关基因的表达。总之，这些发现提供了新的见解分子机制grape-底层E. ampelina互动。

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