Global warming has induced higher frequencies of excessively high-temperature weather episodes, which pose damage risk to rice growth and production. Past studies seldom specified how high temperature-induced carbohydrate metabolism disturbances from both source and sink affect rice fertilization and production. Here we discuss the mechanism of heat-triggered damage to rice quality and production through disturbance of carbohydrate generation and consumption under high temperatures. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence from past studies that rice varieties that maintain high photosynthesis and carbohydrate usage efficiencies under high temperatures will suffer less heat-induced damage during reproductive developmental stages. We also discuss the complexity of expressional regulation of rice genes in response to high temperatures, while highlighting the important roles of heat-inducible post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression. Lastly, we predict future directions in heat-tolerant rice breeding and also propose challenges that need to be conquered in the future.

中文翻译：

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高温介导的水稻碳水化合物代谢紊乱和基因表达调控：综述

全球变暖导致高温天气事件的频率增加，这对水稻的生长和生产构成了破坏风险。过去的研究很少具体说明高温引起的来自源和汇的碳水化合物代谢紊乱如何影响水稻施肥和生产。在这里，我们讨论了高温下通过干扰碳水化合物的生成和消耗对水稻品质和产量造成的热触发损害的机制。此外，我们从过去的研究中提供了强有力的证据，表明在高温下保持高光合作用和碳水化合物利用效率的水稻品种在生殖发育阶段受到的热损伤较小。我们还讨论了水稻基因表达调控对高温的复杂性，同时强调热诱导的基因表达转录后调控的重要作用。最后，我们预测了耐热水稻育种的未来方向，并提出了未来需要克服的挑战。