In archaeo-geophysical investigations, the accuracy and resolution of the generated geophysical models are crucial parameters for excavation decision. Therefore, the combined use of different geophysical data sets is necessary to improve the interpretability of archaeological ruins, particularly in case of low physical contrast objects. The present study's objective is to validate the outputs of integrated ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys in Tanis, which is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, Egypt. The GPR survey was carried out along an area of 24 × 31.5 m with profile interval of 0.5 m in two orthogonal directions using 100, 200 and 600 MHz shielded antenna. Moreover, nine ERT profiles were performed along the same GPR lines for comparison and integration using Wenner-beta (WB) and dipole–dipole (DD) arrays with 1 m electrode spacing and 3 m profile spacing. In addition, the ERT measurements were executed by implementing two tie lines of the same length, electrode spacing and electrode arrays to reduce the effect of banding or directional bias. The processed 2D GPR and ERT profiles have illustrated series of mud-brick walls within the top 2 m in silt–clay background which is underlined by the turtle-back of Sand Island. In such conditions, the mud-brick walls in conductive soils with complex spatial distributions have produced tricky and difficult anomalies to be interpreted using only 2D data sets. To overcome this challenging case, the GPR orthogonal profiles were collated in 3D domain, while the ERT profiles were gathered and inverted using 3D robust inversion algorithm and validated with an identified mud-brick wall. Therefore, the created 3D visualizations demonstrated the efficiency of the joint use of the ERT and GPR surveys as an enhanced mapping tool for buried archaeological ruins and can be used at similar archaeological sites all over the world.

中文翻译：

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将 2D/3D 探地雷达和电阻率断层扫描结合起来作为考古遗址的增强成像：埃及尼罗河三角洲东北部圣埃尔哈格（塔尼斯）遗址的案例研究

在考古地球物理调查中，生成的地球物理模型的准确性和分辨率是挖掘决策的关键参数。因此，有必要结合使用不同的地球物理数据集来提高考古遗址的可解释性，尤其是在物理对比度较低的物体的情况下。本研究的目的是验证塔尼斯综合探地雷达 (GPR) 和电阻率断层扫描 (ERT) 调查的输出，塔尼斯被认为是埃及尼罗河三角洲最重要的考古遗址之一。探地雷达勘测是使用100、200和600 MHz屏蔽天线在两个正交方向沿24×31.5 m的区域进行的，剖面间隔为0.5 m。而且，使用 Wenner-beta (WB) 和偶极-偶极 (DD) 阵列沿相同的 GPR 线执行九个 ERT 剖面，以进行比较和整合，电极间距为 1 m，剖面间距为 3 m。此外，ERT 测量是通过实施相同长度、电极间距和电极阵列的两条连接线来执行的，以减少条带或方向偏置的影响。处理后的 2D GPR 和 ERT 剖面图显示了顶部 2 m 内在粉砂粘土背景下的一系列泥砖墙，沙岛的龟背下划线。在这种情况下，具有复杂空间分布的导电土壤中的泥砖墙产生了难以仅使用二维数据集来解释的棘手和困难的异常现象。为了克服这种具有挑战性的情况，在 3D 域中整理了 GPR 正交剖面，而 ERT 剖面是使用 3D 稳健反演算法收集和反演的，并使用已识别的泥砖墙进行验证。因此，创建的 3D 可视化展示了联合使用 ERT 和 GPR 调查作为埋藏考古遗址的增强绘图工具的效率，并可用于世界各地的类似考古遗址。