The INTEGRAL hard X-ray surveys have proven to be of fundamental importance. INTEGRAL has mapped the Galactic plane with its large field of view and excellent sensitivity. Such hard X-ray snapshots of the whole Milky Way on a time scale of a year are beyond the capabilities of past and current narrow-FOV grazing incidence X-ray telescopes. By expanding the INTEGRAL X-ray survey into shorter timescales, a productive search for transient X-ray emitters was made possible. In more than fifteen years of operation, the INTEGRAL observatory has given us a sharper view of the hard X-ray sky, and provided the triggers for many followup campaigns from radio frequencies to gamma-rays. In addition to conducting a census of hard X-ray sources across the entire sky, INTEGRAL has carried out, through Earth occultation maneuvers, unique observations of the large-scale cosmic X-ray background, which will without question be included in the annals of X-ray astronomy as one of the mission’s most salient contribution to our understanding of the hard X-ray sky.

中文翻译：

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15 年的银河调查和硬 X 射线背景测量

INTEGRAL 硬 X 射线勘测已被证明具有根本的重要性。INTEGRAL 以其大视野和卓越的灵敏度绘制了银河平面图。在一年的时间尺度上对整个银河系的这种硬 X 射线快照超出了过去和现在的窄 FOV 掠入射 X 射线望远镜的能力。通过将 INTEGRAL X 射线调查扩展到更短的时间尺度，对瞬态 X 射线发射器的高效搜索成为可能。在超过 15 年的运行中，INTEGRAL 天文台让我们对硬 X 射线天空有了更清晰的认识，并为从无线电频率到伽马射线的许多后续活动提供了触发条件。除了对整个天空的硬 X 射线源进行普查外，INTEGRAL 还通过地球掩星演习，