New light particles produced in supernovae can lead to additional energy loss and a consequent deficit in neutrino production in conflict with the neutrinos observed from Supernova 1987A (SN1987A). Contrary to the majority of previous SN1987A studies, we examine the impact of Z′ bosons, axions, and axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the muons produced in SN1987A. For the first time, we find constraints on generic Z′ bosons coupled to muons, and apply our results to particle models including gauged L μ −L τ number, U 1 L μ − L τ $$ \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$ , and gauged B − L number, U(1) B−L . We constrain Z′ bosons with masses up to about 250 − 500 MeV, and down to about 10 − 9 in Z′ -muon coupling. We also extend previous work on axion-muon couplings by examining the importance of loop-level interactions, as well as performing calculations over a wider range of axion masses. We constrain muon-coupled axions from arbitrarily low masses up to about 200 − 500 MeV, with bounds extending down to axion-muon couplings of approximately 10 − 8 GeV − 1 . We conclude that supernovae broadly provide a sensitive probe of new lightly-coupled particles interacting with muons.

中文翻译：

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超新星 μ 子：Z′ 玻色子、轴子和 ALP 的新约束

超新星中产生的新光粒子会导致额外的能量损失，从而导致中微子产生不足，这与从超新星 1987A (SN1987A) 观察到的中微子相冲突。与之前 SN1987A 的大多数研究相反，我们检查了 Z' 玻色子、轴子和类轴子粒子 (ALP) 与 SN1987A 中产生的 μ 子相互作用的影响。我们第一次发现了与 μ 子耦合的通用 Z' 玻色子的约束，并将我们的结果应用于粒子模型，包括规范的 L μ −L τ 数，U 1 L μ − L τ $$ \mathrm{U}{(1 )}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$ ，以及测量的 B − L 数，U(1) B−L 。我们限制质量高达约 250 - 500 MeV 的 Z' 玻色子，并在 Z' -μ 子耦合中限制为约 10 - 9。我们还通过检查循环级相互作用的重要性来扩展先前关于轴子-介子耦合的工作，以及对更广泛的轴子质量进行计算。我们将μ子耦合轴子从任意低的质量限制到大约 200 - 500 MeV，边界向下延伸到大约 10 - 8 GeV - 1 的轴子 - 子耦合。我们得出的结论是，超新星广泛地提供了对与 μ 子相互作用的新轻耦合粒子的敏感探测。