This paper presents a research overview, reconciling key and useful case study findings, towards uncovering major causes of gold refractoriness and maximising extraction performance of specific gold flotation and bio-oxidation products. Through systematic investigation of the ore mineralogical and gold deportment properties, leaching mechanisms, and kinetic behaviour and pulp rheology, it was observed that the predominant cause of the poor extraction efficacy of one bio-oxidised product is the presence of recalcitrant sulphate minerals (e.g., jarosite and gypsum) produced during the oxidation process. This was followed by carbonaceous matter and other gangue minerals such as muscovite, quartz, and rutile. The underpining leaching mechanism and kinetics coupled with the pulp rheology were influenced by the feed mineralogy/chemistry, time, agitation/shear rate, interfacial chemistry, pH modifier type, and mechano-chemical activation. For instance, surface exposure of otherwise unavailable gold particles by mechano-chemical activation enhanced the gold leaching rate and yield. This work reflect the remarkable impact of subtle deposit feature changes on extraction performance.

中文翻译：

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特定的难熔金浮选和生物氧化产品：研究概述

本文提供了研究概述，调和了关键和有用的案例研究结果，以揭示金难熔性的主要原因，并最大限度地提高了特定金浮选和生物氧化产物的提取性能。通过对矿石的矿物学和金矿性质，浸出机理以及动力学行为和矿浆流变学的系统研究，发现一种生物氧化产物的提取功效差的主要原因是存在顽强的硫酸盐矿物（例如，在氧化过程中产生黄铁矿和石膏）。其次是碳质物质和其他脉石矿物，如白云母，石英和金红石。进料的矿物学/化学，时间，搅拌/剪切速率，界面化学，pH调节剂类型和机械化学活化。例如，通过机械化学活化使原本无法获得的金颗粒暴露在表面，可以提高金的浸出速度和产量。这项工作反映出细微的沉积物特征变化对萃取性能的显着影响。