Hydroxyapatite has become an important coating material for bioimplants, following the introduction of synthetic HAp in the 1950s. The HAp coatings require controlled surface roughness/porosity, adequate corrosion resistance and need to show favorable tribological behavior. The deposition rate must be sufficiently fast and the coating technique needs to be applied at different scales on substrates having a diverse structure, composition, size, and shape. A detailed overview of dry and wet coating methods is given. The benefits of electrodeposition include controlled thickness and morphology, ability to coat a wide range of component size/shape and ease of industrial processing. Pulsed current and potential techniques have provided denser and more uniform coatings on different metallic materials/implants. The mechanism of HAp electrodeposition is considered and the effect of operational variables on deposit properties is highlighted. The most recent progress in the field is critically reviewed. Developments in mineral substituted and included particle, composite HAp coatings, including those reinforced by metallic, ceramic and polymeric particles; carbon nanotubes, modified graphenes, chitosan, and heparin, are considered in detail. Technical challenges which deserve further research are identified and a forward look in the field of the electrodeposited HAp coatings is taken.

中文翻译：

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电沉积羟基磷灰石基生物涂料：最新进展和未来挑战

在1950年代引入合成HAp之后，羟基磷灰石已成为生物植入物的重要涂层材料。HAp涂层需要可控制的表面粗糙度/孔隙率，足够的耐腐蚀性，并且需要表现出良好的摩擦性能。沉积速率必须足够快，并且涂覆技术需要以不同的比例应用于具有不同结构，组成，尺寸和形状的基板上。给出了干涂和湿涂方法的详细概述。电沉积的好处包括可控制的厚度和形态，涂覆各种尺寸/形状的元件的能力以及易于工业加工的能力。脉冲电流和电位技术已在不同的金属材料/植入物上提供了更致密，更均匀的涂层。考虑了HAp电沉积的机理，并突出了操作变量对沉积物性能的影响。对该领域的最新进展进行了严格审查。矿物替代的和包含颗粒的复合HAp涂层的发展，包括金属，陶瓷和聚合物颗粒增强的涂层；碳纳米管，改性石墨烯，壳聚糖和肝素已被详细考虑。确定了需要进一步研究的技术挑战，并对电沉积HAp涂层领域进行了展望。陶瓷和聚合物颗粒；碳纳米管，改性石墨烯，壳聚糖和肝素已被详细考虑。确定了需要进一步研究的技术挑战，并对电沉积HAp涂层领域进行了展望。陶瓷和聚合物颗粒；碳纳米管，改性石墨烯，壳聚糖和肝素已被详细考虑。确定了需要进一步研究的技术挑战，并对电沉积HAp涂层领域进行了展望。