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Fertilizer quantity and type alter mycorrhizae‐conferred growth and resistance to herbivores
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13833 Zoe L Getman‐Pickering 1 , George M Stack 2 , Jennifer S Thaler 1
中文翻译：
肥料的数量和类型改变了菌根赋予的生长和对草食动物的抵抗力
更新日期：2021-01-18
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13833 Zoe L Getman‐Pickering 1 , George M Stack 2 , Jennifer S Thaler 1
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- Plants face a constant struggle to acquire nutrients and defend themselves against herbivores. Mycorrhizae are fungal mutualists that provide nutrients that can increase plant growth and alter resistance to herbivores. The beneficial effects of mycorrhizae for nutrient acquisition can depend on the quantity and type of soil nutrients available, with plants usually benefiting more in terms of growth from mycorrhizae when nutrients are limited. However, it is unclear how the addition of different nutrients might shift mycorrhizal‐conferred resistance to herbivores by changing defensive secondary chemistry and nutrient availability.
- We conducted two concurrent greenhouse experiments to test how three levels of fertilizers (low, medium and high) and three types of fertilizers (organic, organically derived and inorganic) altered mycorrhizae‐conferred resistance to herbivores in tomato plants. In addition, we looked at whether mycorrhizae‐conferred resistance was driven by plant secondary metabolites or the nutrient content of the leaves.
- Association with mycorrhizae was associated with an increase in biomass at low levels of fertilization and decreased biomass at high levels of fertilization. Interestingly, mycorrhizae increased resistance to herbivores at medium levels of fertilization, but had no effect at low and high levels of fertilization. Mycorrhizae improved resistance most strongly when plants were fertilized with a phosphorus rich, organically derived fertilizer. In both experiments, increased resistance was correlated with changes in the plant's foliar nitrogen content.
- Synthesis and applications. Our study supports the potential for mycorrhizae to improve either crop growth or pest resistance under lower fertilizer conditions. However, mycorrhizae did not provide both growth and resistance benefits under any treatment. While mycorrhizae have the potential to benefit crops in in lower input systems, it may be challenging to maximize both growth and resistance benefits.
中文翻译：
肥料的数量和类型改变了菌根赋予的生长和对草食动物的抵抗力
- 植物面临着不断获取营养和防御食草动物的斗争。菌根是真菌的互惠生，提供营养，可以增加植物的生长并改变对草食动物的抵抗力。菌根对养分获取的有利影响可能取决于土壤养分的数量和类型，在养分有限的情况下，植物通常会从菌根的生长中受益更多。但是，尚不清楚通过改变防御性次级化学物质和养分的可利用性，如何添加不同的养分会如何改变菌根赋予的对草食动物的抗性。
- 我们同时进行了两个温室试验，以测试三种水平的肥料（低，中，高）和三种类型的肥料（有机，有机衍生和无机）如何改变菌根赋予的番茄植物对草食动物的抗性。此外，我们研究了菌根赋予的抗性是由植物的次生代谢产物还是叶片的营养成分驱动的。
- 与菌根的相关性与低水平受精时生物量的增加和高水平受精时生物量的减少有关。有趣的是，菌根在中等水平的受精过程中增加了对食草动物的抗性，但在低水平和高水平受精时均无作用。当植物用富含磷的有机衍生肥料施肥时，菌根能最强地提高抗药性。在两个实验中，增加的抗性与植物叶片氮含量的变化相关。
- 综合与应用。我们的研究支持菌根在较低肥料条件下改善作物生长或提高害虫抵抗力的潜力。但是，菌根在任何治疗下均不能同时提供生长和抵抗力。虽然菌根在较低投入系统中具有使作物受益的潜力，但要最大限度地增加生长和抗药性却可能具有挑战性。
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