Waterlogging stress (WS) induces ethylene (ET) and polyamine (spermine, putrescine, and spermidine) production in plants, but their reprogramming is a decisive element for determining the fate of the plant upon waterlogging-induced stress. WS can be challenged by exploring symbiotic microbes that improve the plant’s ability to grow better and resist WS. The present study deals with identification and application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing fungal endophyte Trichoderma asperellum (strain MAP1), isolated from the roots of Canna indica L., on wheat growth under WS. MAP1 positively affected wheat growth by secreting phytohormones/secondary metabolites, strengthening the plant’s antioxidant system and influencing the physiology through polyamine production and modulating gene expression. MAP1 inoculation promoted yield in comparison to non-endophyte inoculated waterlogged seedlings. Exogenously applied ethephon (ET synthesis inducer) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC; ET precursor) showed a reduction in growth, compared to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings, while amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA; ET inhibitor) application reversed the negative effect imposed by ET and ACC, upon waterlogging treatment. A significant reduction in plant growth rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance was noticed, while H₂O₂, MDA production, and electrolyte leakage were increased in non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings. Moreover, in comparison to non-inoculated waterlogged wheat seedlings, MAP1-inoculated waterlogged wheat exhibited antioxidant–enzyme activities. In agreement with the physiological results, genes associated with the free polyamine (PA) biosynthesis were highly induced and PA content was abundant in MAP1-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, ET biosynthesis/signaling gene expression was reduced upon MAP1 inoculation under WS. Briefly, MAP1 mitigated the adverse effect of WS in wheat, by reprogramming the PAs and ET biosynthesis, which leads to optimal stomatal conductance, increased photosynthesis, and membrane stability as well as reduced ET-induced leaf senescence.

淹水胁迫（WS）诱导植物中乙烯（ET）和多胺（精胺，腐胺和亚精胺）的产生，但是它们的重编程是确定浸水诱导的胁迫下植物命运的决定性因素。可以通过探索共生微生物来提高植物生长能力，从而抵抗WS，从而挑战WS。本研究涉及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）产生脱氨酶的真菌内生菌的鉴定和应用曲霉木霉 （菌株MAP1），与 印度大麻L.，关于WS下的小麦生长。MAP1通过分泌植物激素/次生代谢产物，增强植物的抗氧化系统并通过多胺生产和调节基因表达来影响生理，从而对小麦的生长产生积极影响。MAP1接种与非内生菌浸渍苗相比提高了产量。与MAP1接种浸水的幼苗相比，外源施用的乙烯利（ET合成诱导剂）和1-氨基环丙烷羧酸（ACC； ET前体）显示出生长减少，而氨基-氧乙酸（AOA； ET抑制剂）的施用则逆转了负面影响。 ET和ACC在淹水处理后强加。观察到植物生长速率，叶绿素含量和气孔导度显着降低，而H ₂ O ₂未接种涝渍的幼苗中MDA的产生，MDA的产生和电解质的泄漏均增加。此外，与未接种水淹小麦幼苗相比，MAP1接种水淹小麦表现出抗氧化酶活性。与生理结果一致，在MAP1接种的幼苗中，与游离多胺（PA）生物合成相关的基因被高度诱导并且PA含量丰富。此外，在WS下接种MAP1后，ET的生物合成/信号基因表达降低。简而言之，MAP1通过重新编程PA和ET生物合成来减轻WS对小麦的不利影响，从而导致最佳的气孔导度，增加的光合作用和膜稳定性以及ET诱导的叶片衰老减少。