Experience-dependent neural plasticity is high in the developing brain, presenting a unique window of opportunity for training. To optimize existing training programs and develop new interventions, it is important to understand what processes take place in the developing brain during training. Here, we systematically review MRI-based evidence of training-induced neural plasticity in children and adolescents. A total of 71 articles were included in the review. Significant changes in brain activation, structure, microstructure, and structural and functional connectivity were reported with different types of trainings in the majority (87%) of the studies. Significant correlation of performance improvement with neural changes was reported in 51% of the studies. Yet, only 48% of the studies had a control condition. Overall, the review supports the hypothesized neural changes with training while at the same time charting empirical and methodological desiderata for future research.

中文翻译：

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训练引起的青少年神经可塑性：结构和功能 MRI 研究的系统回顾


发育中的大脑具有高度的依赖经验的神经可塑性，为训练提供了独特的机会之窗。为了优化现有的训练计划并开发新的干预措施，了解训练期间大脑发育中发生的过程非常重要。在这里，我们系统地回顾了基于 MRI 的儿童和青少年训练引起的神经可塑性的证据。共纳入71篇文章。大多数（87%）的研究报告称，不同类型的训练使大脑激活、结构、微观结构以及结构和功能连接发生了显着变化。 51% 的研究报告称，表现改善与神经变化存在显着相关性。然而，只有 48% 的研究有对照条件。总体而言，该综述支持假设的训练神经变化，同时为未来的研究绘制了经验和方法论的需求。