Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with numerous neurocognitive deficits, including poor working memory and difficulty inhibiting undesirable behaviors that cause academic and behavioral problems in children. Prior work has attempted to determine how these differences are instantiated in the structure and function of the brain, but much of that work has been done in small samples, focused on older adolescents or adults, and used statistical approaches that were not robust to model overfitting. The current study used cross-validated elastic net regression to predict a continuous measure of ADHD symptomatology using brain morphometry and activation during tasks of working memory, inhibitory control, and reward processing, with separate models for each MRI measure. The best model using activation during the working memory task to predict ADHD symptomatology had an out-of-sample R² = 2% and was robust to residualizing the effects of age, sex, race, parental income and education, handedness, pubertal status, and internalizing symptoms from ADHD symptomatology. This model used reduced activation in task positive regions and reduced deactivation in task negative regions to predict ADHD symptomatology. The best model with morphometry alone predicted ADHD symptomatology with an R² = 1% but this effect dissipated when including covariates. The inhibitory control and reward tasks did not yield generalizable models. In summary, these analyses show, with a large and well-characterized sample, that the brain correlates of ADHD symptomatology are modest in effect size and captured best by brain morphometry and activation during a working memory task.

注意缺陷/多动障碍与许多神经认知缺陷有关，包括工作记忆力差和难以抑制导致儿童学业和行为问题的不良行为。先前的工作试图确定这些差异如何在大脑的结构和功能中被实例化，但大部分工作都是在小样本中完成的，主要针对年龄较大的青少年或成年人，并使用了对过度拟合建模不可靠的统计方法. 目前的研究使用交叉验证的弹性网络回归来预测 ADHD 症状的连续测量，使用脑形态测量和工作记忆、抑制控制和奖励处理任务期间的激活，每个 MRI 测量都有单独的模型。R ²  = 2%，并且对残余年龄、性别、种族、父母收入和教育、惯用手、青春期状态和 ADHD 症状的内在化症状的影响具有稳健性。该模型使用减少任务阳性区域的激活和减少任务阴性区域的失活来预测 ADHD 症状。单独使用形态测量的最佳模型预测 ADHD 症状的R ²  = 1%，但当包括协变量时，这种影响消失了。抑制控制和奖励任务没有产生可推广的模型。总之，这些分析表明，通过大量且特征明确的样本，ADHD 症状的大脑相关性在影响大小上是适度的，并且在工作记忆任务期间通过大脑形态测量和激活最好地捕捉到。