Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is an emerging noninvasive imaging modality, with unique advantages in guiding tumor resection surgery, thanks to its high sensitivity and instantaneity. In the past decade, studies on the conventional NIR window (NIR‐I, 750–900 nm) have gradually focused on the second NIR window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm). With its reduced light scattering, photon absorption, and auto‐fluorescence qualities, NIR‐II fluorescence imaging significantly improves penetration depths and signal‐to‐noise ratios in bio‐imaging. Recently, several studies have applied NIR‐II imaging to navigating cancer surgery, including localizing cancers, assessing surgical margins, tracing lymph nodes, and mapping important anatomical structures. These studies have exemplified the significant prospects of this new approach. In this review, several NIR‐II fluorescence agents and some of the complex applications for guiding cancer surgeries are summarized. Future prospects and the challenges of clinical translation are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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近红外-II荧光成像引导的恶性肿瘤手术导航

近红外（NIR）荧光成像是一种新兴的无创成像方式，由于其高灵敏度和即时性，在指导肿瘤切除手术方面具有独特的优势。在过去的十年中，对传统近红外窗口（NIR-I，750-900 nm）的研究逐渐集中在第二近红外窗口（NIR-II，1000-1700 nm）上。NIR-II 荧光成像降低了光散射、光子吸收和自发荧光质量，显着提高了生物成像中的穿透深度和信噪比。最近，一些研究已将 NIR-II 成像应用于导航癌症手术，包括定位癌症、评估手术切缘、追踪淋巴结和绘制重要的解剖结构。这些研究证明了这种新方法的重要前景。在本次审查中，总结了几种 NIR-II 荧光剂和指导癌症手术的一些复杂应用。还讨论了临床翻译的未来前景和挑战。