Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide an efficient way to utilize energy from biomass while it offer advantages such as pollution avoidance, high energy conversion efficiency, and flexibility for a wide range of applications. MFCs have gained much attention and are considered as current research hotspot in bioenergy. To further improve the reaction area, microbial compatibility, and to increase the power generation efficiency in the design and manufacturing of a small-scale MFC, the use of 3D printing technology and the employment of a high-efficiency mixing area are proposed in this work. Carbon cloth is employed as the electrode substrate of the MFC. Moreover, the carbon nanotubes and graphene dispersions are used to modify the carbon electrode plates. The results show that the graphene modified carbon cloth electrode MFC has a maximum power density of 199.24 mW m⁻² at a current density of 1.52 A m⁻². While the unmodified carbon cloth electrode MFC has a current density of 0.63 A m⁻². This indicates that the graphene modified carbon cloth electrode MFC achieved a maximum power density of about 232% compared with the unmodified carbon cloth electrode MFC. The lowest internal resistance obtained was 0.66 kΩ when the electron transfer medium was accounted. This indicated a low anode impedance which is desired in MFC systems. Result revealed that the graphene modified carbon cloth electrode is the best electrode material based on the enhanced power density and lowered internal resistance. The results of the work aims to provide insight in the improvement of the MFC electrode modification technology.

微生物燃料电池（MFCs）提供了一种有效利用生物质能源的方法，同时具有诸如避免污染，高能量转换效率和灵活性等优点，可广泛用于各种应用中。MFC已经引起了广泛的关注，并被认为是当前生物能源研究的热点。为了进一步提高反应面积，改善微生物相容性并提高小型MFC设计和制造中的发电效率，本工作提出了使用3D打印技术和采用高效混合区的建议。 。碳布被用作MFC的电极基板。此外，碳纳米管和石墨烯分散体用于修饰碳电极板。^-2 1.52阿米的电流密度^-2。未改性碳布电极MFC的电流密度为0.63Am ^-2。这表明与未改性的碳布电极MFC相比，石墨烯改性的碳布电极MFC实现了约232％的最大功率密度。当考虑电子转移介质时，获得的最低内部电阻为0.66kΩ。这表明在MFC系统中需要较低的阳极阻抗。结果表明，石墨烯改性碳布电极是提高功率密度和降低内阻的最佳电极材料。这项工作的结果旨在提供对MFC电极改性技术改进的见识。