We modified and justified the radar equation for ground penetration by including the backscattering effect. We propose a strawman system on an orbiter 50 km above the surface based on lunar conditions. The Tightly coupled dipole arrays antenna substantially reduces the size and mass and consists of an array with 8 × 8 cells on a light weight plate that is 1.6²‐m² wide with cells 0.25‐m high providing increased directionality and beam‐steering capability. The system includes 8 transmitters and 16 receivers that are able to measure wave polarization so that it is sensitive to subsurface water/ice. The system is controlled by central computers with transceivers all programmable providing more functionalities and flexibilities enabling systems of an even larger number of transceivers. It uses the synthetic aperture radar method to enhance the spatial resolution along the orbit track and has phase steering capability to increase the resolution in the cross‐track direction. The total transmitted power is 160 W. The radar is able to operate in three modes: a fine‐resolution mode that provides the full Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output ultrawideband (MIMO UWB) capability with vertical range resolution up to 0.2 m, a deep penetration mode that is able to penetrate 100 m for high attenuation targets or over few kilometers for low attenuation targets, and a survey mode that provides overall characterization of the planet economically. This system can provide internal properties and structures of a target and detailed information about most useful resources such as ice, water, minerals, and shelter caves, for human space exploration on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.

中文翻译：

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太空应用的高分辨率浅层表面穿透雷达的可行性研究

我们通过包括反向散射效应来修改和证明雷达方程的地面穿透力。根据月球状况，我们在距地面50公里的轨道上提出了一种稻草人系统。紧密耦合偶极子阵列天线大大减小了尺寸和质量，由一个在1.6 ² ‐m ²的轻质板上的8×8单元阵列组成单元高度为0.25-m的宽单元提供了更大的方向性和波束控制能力。该系统包括8个发射器和16个接收器，它们能够测量波极化，从而对地下水/冰敏感。该系统由带有收发器的中央计算机控制，所有收发器均可编程，可提供更多的功能和灵活性，从而支持更多收发器的系统。它使用合成孔径雷达方法来增强沿轨道的空间分辨率，并具有相位控制功能以提高跨轨道方向的分辨率。总发射功率为160W。雷达能够以三种模式工作：精细分辨率模式，可提供完整的多输入多输出超宽带（MIMO UWB）功能，垂直范围分辨率高达0.2 m，一种深度穿透模式，对于高衰减目标可以穿透100 m，对于低衰减目标则可以穿透几公里，而测量模式可以经济地提供行星的总体特征。该系统可以提供目标的内部属性和结构，以及有关最有用资源（例如冰，水，矿物和庇护所洞穴）的详细信息，以便在月球，火星和小行星上进行人类太空探索。