Chemical speciation is a relevant topic in environmental chemistry since the (eco)toxicity, bio (geo)chemical cycles, and mobility of a given element depend on its chemical forms (oxidation state, organic ligands, etc.). Maintaining the chemical stability of the species and avoiding equilibrium disruptions during the sample treatment is one of the biggest challenges in chemical speciation, especially in environmental matrices where the level of concomitants/interferents is normally high. To achieve this task, strategies based on chemical properties of the species can be carried out and pre-concentration techniques are often needed due to the low concentration ranges of many species (μg L^-1 – ng L^-1). Due to the significance of the topic and the lack of reviews dealing with sample preparation of metal (loid)s (usually, sample preparation reviews focus on the total metal content), this work is presented. This review gives an up-to-date overview of the most common sample preparation techniques for environmental samples (water, soil, and sediments), with a focus on speciation of metal/metalloids and determination by spectrometric techniques. Description of the methods is given, and the most recent applications (last 10 years) are presented.

化学物种形成是环境化学中的一个相关主题，因为给定元素的（生态）毒性，生物（地球）化学循环和迁移率取决于其化学形式（氧化态，有机配体等）。维持物种的化学稳定性并在样品处理过程中避免平衡破坏是化学物种形成的最大挑战之一，特别是在伴随/干扰物水平通常很高的环境基质中。为了实现这一任务，可以执行基于物种化学特性的策略，并且由于许多物种的浓度范围较低（μgL ^-1 – ng L ^-1，因此常常需要预浓缩技术）。由于该主题的重要性以及缺乏有关金属（样品）样品制备的评论（通常，样品制备评论集中于金属的总含量），因此介绍了这项工作。这篇综述对环境样品（水，土壤和沉积物）最常用的样品制备技术进行了最新概述，重点是金属/准金属的形态分析和光谱技术的测定。给出了方法的说明，并介绍了最近的应用（最近10年）。