Abstract

The terms ‘citizenship’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationality’ contain different, albeit overlapping, meanings of belonging and identity. The history of the FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) World Cup provides excellent examples and cases to unveil these meanings in different historical contexts. Three overlapping categories of historical realities are proposed to understand the historical complexities of migration, citizenship and national identity from a historical sports perspective. The first category considers diaspora teams, using the examples of Italy in 1934 and Morocco in 2018. The second category examines teams from expanding and dissolving states, exemplified by Germany in 1938 and Yugoslavia in 1990. The third category explores colonial and post-colonial realities, illustrated by Portugal in 1966 and France in 2018. The relationship among national belonging, citizenship, and migration challenges the self-evident notions of membership and belonging. The historical concepts of ius sanguinis (blood ties) and ius soli (territorial birthright) are well-known markers and symbols of national belonging and citizenship. In nation states, the feeling of belonging is created by membership in an ‘imagined community’, which is often self-evidently bound by these markers. The proposed historical categories partly legitimize and pave the way for diaspora and post-colonial football players who will become more visible in national teams at the World Cup in the future.

抽象的

术语“公民身份”，“民族”和“国籍”包含不同的（尽管有重叠）归属和身份的含义。FIFA（国际足球联合会）世界杯的历史为在不同的历史背景下揭示这些含义提供了很好的例子和案例。为了从历史体育的角度理解移民，公民身份和民族身份的历史复杂性，提出了三个重叠的历史现实类别。第一类以1934年的意大利和2018年的摩洛哥为例来考虑散居侨民的队伍。第二类以来自1938年的德国和1990年的南斯拉夫为例的扩张和解散国家的队伍作为考察对象。第三类探讨殖民地和后殖民地的现实。 ，分别由1966年的葡萄牙和2018年的法国展示。国家归属，公民身份和移民之间的关系挑战着不言而喻的成员资格和归属感。的历史观念ius sanguinis（血缘关系）和ius soli（领土出生权）是国家归属和公民身份的著名标志和象征。在民族国家，归属感是由“想象中的社区”中的成员所创造的，而这些社区常常不言而喻地受到这些标记的束缚。拟议的历史类别在一定程度上为散居国外的人和后殖民地的足球运动员合法化并铺平了道路，这些人将来将在世界杯的国家队中变得更加明显。