Emotions have long been discussed in conjunction with the autonomic nervous system. Most research on emotion‐autonomic linkages does not consider sex differences or an evident underlying mechanism for sex differences: menstrual cycle phase. Further, most research is limited to cross‐sectional and laboratory studies. The degree to which emotion‐autonomic associations manifest in everyday life may be different and may vary by sex and, for women, by menstrual cycle phase. This study employs the ambulatory monitoring of cardiovascular measures (e.g., heart rate and heart rate variability; HRV) and concurrent emotional states (e.g., sadness, stress, anxiety, anger, and happiness) in everyday life to better characterize emotion‐autonomic associations as a function of sex and menstrual cycle phase. Participants (N = 174; 87 female) ages 18 to 46 (31.23 ± 6.49) were monitored over a 5‐day observation period (one 2‐ and one 3‐day session), using an ambulatory 24‐hour electrocardiogram to monitor heart rate and ecological momentary assessment to record emotions every ~30 min. Women were monitored in both the early to mid‐follicular and ‐luteal phases and men in two comparably distanced sessions. Multilevel models indicated that across sex, negative emotions and happiness were associated with elevated heart rate. Relative to men, women exhibited an elevated heart rate and reduced HRV during reports of anger. For women, during the luteal phase, but not follicular phase, momentary sadness, stress, and anxiety predicted increased heart rate and reduced HRV. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering sex and menstrual cycle phase in research investigating emotion‐autonomic linkages.

中文翻译：

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将上下文放在心上：瞬间情绪、月经周期阶段和心脏自主神经调节

长期以来，人们一直在讨论与自主神经系统相关的情绪。大多数关于情绪-自主神经联系的研究没有考虑性别差异或性别差异的明显潜在机制：月经周期阶段。此外，大多数研究仅限于横断面和实验室研究。情绪-自主神经关联在日常生活中的表现程度可能不同，并且可能因性别而异，对于女性而言，因月经周期阶段而异。本研究采用动态监测心血管指标（例如，心率和心率变异性；HRV）和日常生活中并发的情绪状态（例如，悲伤、压力、焦虑、愤怒和快乐），以更好地将情绪 - 自主神经关联描述为性功能和月经周期阶段。参与者 ( N= 174; 87 名 18 至 46 (31.23 ± 6.49) 岁的女性在 5 天的观察期内（一个 2 天和一个 3 天的会话）接受了监测，使用 24 小时动态心电图监测心率和生态瞬时评估以记录情绪每~30分钟。女性在早期到中期的卵泡期和黄体期均接受监测，男性则在两个相距较远的阶段接受监测。多层次模型表明，跨性别、负面情绪和幸福感与心率升高有关。相对于男性，女性在愤怒的报告中表现出更高的心率和降低的 HRV。对于女性而言，在黄体期而非卵泡期，短暂的悲伤、压力和焦虑可预测心率增加和 HRV 降低。