The application of microalgae in carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation coupled with wastewater treatment has been regarded as a promising and cutting-edge technology in recent years, but it still faces some problems. The CO₂ fixation capacity and nutrients removal capacity of microalgae should be considered simultaneously under various environmental conditions. Moreover, breeding microalgae using a photobioreactor is required and critical for CO₂ fixation and wastewater treatment. In addition, the related influenced factors, mechanisms and kinetics of CO₂ fixation and nutrients removal by microalgae remains complex and unclear. Thus, this work provides an updated review of the literature regarding the application of microalgae in the remediation of wastewaters from different sources coupled with CO₂ fixation, discusses the main interactions between biological or environmental factors and how they can influence nutrient removal and CO₂ fixation efficiencies, and further focuses on their mechanisms and kinetics. It is found that blue-green algae are most suitable to fix CO₂ integrating treated wastewater, but more microalgal strains with excellent anti-fouling performance, tolerance to high concentrations of CO₂ and NH₃–N performance need to be screened. Additionally, wastewater and gas conditions during the cultivation process should be optimized in research and applications, and development of innovative photobioreactors with low cost is also required. Furthermore, modelling mainly focuses on estimating biomass yield, nutrient removal rates and CO₂ fixation rates, while laboratory modelling results deviated from the natural modelling results. Finally, this paper also provides insight into what should be done in future work to support the development of CO₂ fixation coupled with wastewater treatment by microalgae.

近年来，微藻在二氧化碳（CO ₂）固定和废水处理中的应用一直被认为是一种有前途的尖端技术，但是它仍然面临一些问题。在各种环境条件下，应同时考虑微藻的CO ₂固定能力和养分去除能力。此外，需要使用光生物反应器繁殖微藻，这对于CO ₂固定和废水处理至关重要。另外，CO ₂的相关影响因素，机理和动力学微藻的固定和营养清除仍然复杂且不清楚。因此，这项工作提供了有关微藻在不同来源的废水修复中的应用的最新综述，并结合了CO ₂固定，讨论了生物学或环境因素之间的主要相互作用以及它们如何影响营养物去除和CO ₂固定效率，并进一步关注其机理和动力学。发现蓝绿藻最适合固定CO ₂集成处理过的废水，但更多的微藻菌株具有出色的防污性能，对高浓度的CO ₂和NH _3的耐受性–N性能需要筛选。另外，应在研究和应用中优化培养过程中的废水和气体条件，并且还需要开发低成本的创新型光生物反应器。此外，建模主要侧重于估算生物量产量，养分去除率和CO ₂固定率，而实验室建模结果与自然建模结果有所不同。最后，本文还提供了有关在将来的工作中应采取哪些措施以支持CO ₂固定化以及微藻类废水处理的发展的见解。