Objective: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Symptoms include memory dysfunction and deficits in attention, planning, language, and overall cognitive function. Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of AD and evidence supports that it is an early marker. Furthermore, olfactory bulb and entorhinal cortex atrophy are well described in AD. However, in AD, no studies have assessed the olfactory cortex as a whole and if sex effects are observed.

Methods: Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to scan 39 participants with an average age of 72 years and included men and women. AAL Single-Subject Atlas (implemented in PNEURO tool - PMOD 3.8) was used to determine the volume of the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus. Olfactory cortex volume was lower in both men and women AD cases compared with controls. This decrease was more apparent in the left olfactory cortex and was influenced by age. As expected, hippocampal volume was also significantly reduced in AD. However, this was only observed in the male cohort. A significant correlation was observed between levels of education and hippocampal volume in controls that were not detected in the AD participants. Asymmetry was observed in the olfactory cortex volume when comparing left and right volumes in both the control and AD participants, which was not observed in the hippocampus.

中文翻译：

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体积 MRI 显示 AD 中的嗅觉皮层萎缩

目的：阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 是一种慢性神经退行性疾病，影响全球数百万人。症状包括记忆功能障碍和注意力、计划、语言和整体认知功能的缺陷。嗅觉功能障碍是 AD 的常见症状，证据支持它是早期标志物。此外，嗅球和内嗅皮层萎缩在 AD 中有很好的描述。然而，在 AD 中，没有研究评估整个嗅觉皮层以及是否观察到性影响。

方法：使用磁共振成像扫描 39 名平均年龄为 72 岁的参与者，包括男性和女性。AAL Single-Subject Atlas（在 PNEURO 工具 - PMOD 3.8 中实施）用于确定嗅觉皮层和海马体的体积。与对照组相比，男性和女性 AD 病例的嗅觉皮层体积均较低。这种减少在左侧嗅觉皮层中更为明显，并受年龄的影响。正如预期的那样，AD 患者的海马体积也显着减少。然而，这仅在男性队列中观察到。在 AD 参与者中未检测到的对照组中，在教育水平和海马体积之间观察到显着相关性。当比较对照组和 AD 参与者的左右体积时，在嗅觉皮层体积中观察到不对称，