Germ cells are capable of maintaining species continuity through passing genetic and epigenetic information across generations. Female germ cells mainly develop during the embryonic stage and pass through subsequent developmental stages including primordial germ cells, oogonia, and oocyte. However, due to the limitation of using early human embryos as in vivo research model, in vitro research models are needed to reveal the early developmental process and related mechanisms of female germ cells. After birth, the number of follicles gradually decreases with age. Various conditions which damage ovarian functions would cause premature ovarian failure. Alternative treatments to solve these problems need to be investigated. Germ cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells in vitro can simulate early embryonic development of female germ cells and clarify unresolved issues during the development process. In addition, pluripotent stem cells could potentially provide promising applications for female fertility preservation after proper in vitro differentiation. Mouse female germ cells have been successfully reconstructed in vitro and delivered to live offspring. However, the derivation of functional human female germ cells has not been fully achieved due to technical limitations and ethical issues. To provide an updated and comprehensive information, this review centers on the major studies on the differentiation of mouse and human female germ cells from pluripotent stem cells and provides references to further studies of developmental mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of female germ cells.

中文翻译：

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多能干细胞诱导女性生殖细胞的研究进展

生殖细胞能够通过世代相传的遗传和表观遗传信息来维持物种的连续性。女性生殖细胞主要在胚胎阶段发育，并经过随后的发育阶段，包括原始生殖细胞，卵原细胞和卵母细胞。然而，由于使用早期人类胚胎作为体内研究模型的局限性，需要体外研究模型来揭示女性生殖细胞的早期发育过程和相关机制。出生后，卵泡的数量随着年龄的增长而逐渐减少。破坏卵巢功能的各种情况会导致卵巢早衰。需要研究解决这些问题的替代方法。从多能干细胞分化出生殖细胞体外可以模拟女性生殖细胞的早期胚胎发育，并阐明发育过程中未解决的问题。此外，多能干细胞可能在适当的体外分化后为女性生育力保存提供有希望的应用。小鼠雌性生殖细胞已在体外成功重建并交付给后代。然而，由于技术限制和伦理问题，尚未完全实现功能性人类女性生殖细胞的衍生。为了提供更新和全面的信息，本综述着重于从多能干细胞分化小鼠和人类女性生殖细胞的主要研究，并为进一步研究女性生殖细胞的机制和潜在治疗应用提供了参考。