Production and consumption activities deplete freshwater, generate water pollution and may further lead to water stress. The accurate measurement of water stress is a precondition for sustainable water management. This paper reviews the literature on physical water stress induced by blue and green water use and by water pollution. Specifically, we clarify several key concepts (i.e., water stress, scarcity, availability, withdrawal, consumption and the water footprint) for water stress evaluation, and review physical water stress indicators in terms of quantity and quality. Furthermore, we identify research gaps in physical water stress assessment, related to environmental flow requirements, return flows, outsourcing of water pollution and standardization of terminology and approaches. These research gaps can serve as venues for further research dealing with the evaluation and reduction of water stress.

中文翻译：

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水分胁迫和水足迹核算的回顾

生产和消费活动会消耗淡水，产生水污染，并可能进一步导致缺水。准确测量水分压力是可持续水管理的前提。本文回顾了有关蓝，绿水利用和水污染引起的物理水分胁迫的文献。具体而言，我们阐明了用于水分胁迫评估的几个关键概念（即水分胁迫，稀缺性，可利用性，取水量，消耗量和水足迹），并从数量和质量方面审查了物理水分胁迫指标。此外，我们确定了物理水分胁迫评估中与环境流量要求，回流流量，水污染外包以及术语和方法标准化相关的研究差距。