Reforming care regimes to cover the care deficit and enhancing the marketization of care to promote individualism and gender equality have been on the European agenda since the 1990s. However, both implementation and results have been path-dependent. This study first underlines some specificities in the Turkish case—namely, the limited welfare state, a large shadow economy, gender roles, patriarchal backlash, Islamization, and neoliberalism, all of which receive little treatment in the welfare state literature. It then analyzes how these specificities interact in the construction of the care regime in Turkey, conceptualizing the outcome as distorted commodification of care—namely, the continuing ambiguity of care services despite these activities producing precarity and positional suffering for caregivers and recipients. Finally, the study provides concrete examples from the less studied topic of long-term disability care. It presents a perspective on Turkey that foregrounds the connections between gendered care imagery and case-specific qualities of the commodification of care shaped by the long-standing shadow economy, the outsourcing of disability services to for-profit private companies, and the introduction of the cash-for-care policy. The study analyzes the outcomes of distorted commodification of care under these conditions in Turkey vis-à-vis visibility, valuation of work, working conditions, and gender inequality.

自 1990 年代以来，改革护理制度以弥补护理不足并加强护理市场化以促进个人主义和性别平等一直被提上欧洲议程。然而，实施和结果都依赖于路径。本研究首先强调了土耳其案例的一些特殊性——即有限的福利国家、庞大的影子经济、性别角色、父权制的反弹、伊斯兰化和新自由主义，所有这些在福利国家的文献中都很少得到处理。然后，它分析了这些特殊性如何在土耳其的护理制度建设中相互作用，将结果概念化为扭曲的护理商品化——也就是说，尽管这些活动给看护者和接受者带来了不稳定和地位上的痛苦，但看护服务的持续模糊性。最后，该研究提供了研究较少的长期残疾护理主题的具体例子。它提出了一个关于土耳其的观点，突出了性别护理意象与由长期影子经济塑造的护理商品化、将残疾服务外包给营利性私营公司以及引入现金换护理政策。该研究分析了土耳其在这些条件下扭曲的护理商品化的结果，以及可见度、工作估值、工作条件和性别不平等。