This review examines health issues around human/social determinants of health within artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). The focus is on working children and violence. Within the area of violence, the collection of health risks is broad, ranging from self‐directed impacts such as suicide or neglect, to interpersonal impacts such as child or intimate partner abuse, and to collective violence such as trafficking, fighting for resources and ultimately war. Discussions on such impacts are less about accidents and illnesses and more about psychological issues. We review studies shedding light on health implications of ASM for children at sites in Suriname and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These studies helped to dispel the perception that the long list of hazards and health risks commonly cited are present at every mining site. Although worker and community interviews provide useful information about accidents and other common ailments, they cannot replace formal medical screenings for serious health problems. There are likely health effects related to criminality and violence. Detailed interviews from Domaine Marial, DRC, with respect to violence to children and intimate women partners are sobering. Violence has also developed with takeovers by local gangs, domestic and transnational organized criminal groups, and insurgent and terrorist groups. Human health can be negatively impacted by worsened working conditions, collateral damage due to fighting among criminal groups and violence more generally, loss of employment or displacement. The negative impacts of ASM can be reduced through policy interventions based on an understanding of what is happening in various countries.

中文翻译：

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手工和小规模采矿中与童工和暴力有关的健康问题回顾

这项审查审查了手工和小规模采矿（ASM）中围绕人类/社会健康决定因素的健康问题。重点是在职儿童和暴力。在暴力领域，健康风险的收集范围很广，从自杀或忽视等自我导向的影响到对儿童或亲密伴侣的虐待等人际关系的影响，再到诸如贩运人口，争夺资源等最终的集体暴力战争。关于这种影响的讨论较少涉及事故和疾病，而更多地涉及心理问题。我们在苏里南和刚果民主共和国（DRC）的研究中回顾了ASM对儿童健康的影响的研究。这些研究有助于消除人们对每个采矿场所普遍存在的一连串危害和健康风险的看法。尽管工人和社区访谈提供了有关事故和其他常见疾病的有用信息，但它们不能代替针对严重健康问题的正式医学检查。可能与犯罪和暴力相关的健康影响。来自刚果（金）Domaine Marial的关于针对儿童和亲密妇女伴侣的暴力行为的详细采访令人清醒。暴力也随着当地帮派，国内和跨国有组织犯罪集团以及叛乱和恐怖集团的接管而发展。恶劣的工作条件，犯罪集团之间的战斗和更普遍的暴力行为所造成的附带损害，更广泛的就业机会或流离失所会对人体健康造成不利影响。