Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread, persistent environmental pollutants known to elicit a wide range of negative effects on wildlife species. There is scarce information regarding the toxicity of PFAS on amphibians, but amphibians may be highly susceptible because of their permeable skin and dependence on fresh water. Acute toxicity studies are a first step toward understanding responses to PFAS exposure, providing benchmarks for species-specific tolerances, informing ecological risk assessment (ERA), and designing chronic toxicity studies. We conducted standardized 96-h lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity tests for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with 9 widely distributed amphibian species native to eastern and central North America. We also conducted LC50 tests with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) for 2 species and determined whether toxicity of PFOS and PFOA varied between life stages for 3 species. Acute toxicity varied among PFAS and species and between developmental stages within species. Across all species, toxicity of PFOS was more than 8× higher than PFOA. Salamanders in the genus Ambystoma were generally more sensitive to PFOS than were anurans (frogs and a toad). Toxicity of PFOA was highest for small-mouthed salamanders and gray tree frogs and lowest for Jefferson salamanders, American bullfrogs, green frogs, and wood frogs. Although only 2 species were exposed to PFHxS, survival was lower for green frogs than for American bullfrogs. Toxicity of PFAS also varied between developmental stages of larvae. Gray tree frogs were more sensitive at later developmental stages, and small-mouthed salamanders were more sensitive at earlier developmental stages. Our study is one of the first to report species-, developmental stage-, and compound-specific differences in sensitivity to PFAS across a wide range of amphibian species. The benchmarks for toxicity we determined can inform conservation and remediation efforts, guide chronic toxicity studies, and help predict influences on amphibian communities, thereby informing future ERAs for PFAS. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:684–689. © 2021 SETAC

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三种全氟和多氟烷基物质对九种两栖动物幼虫的相对急性毒性

全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是广泛存在的持久性环境污染物，已知会对野生动物物种产生广泛的负面影响。关于全氟和多氟烷基物质对两栖动物的毒性的信息很少，但两栖动物可能高度敏感，因为它们的皮肤具有渗透性和对淡水的依赖。急性毒性研究是了解对 PFAS 暴露反应的第一步，为特定物种的耐受性提供基准，为生态风险评估 (ERA) 提供信息，并设计慢性毒性研究。我们对全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 和全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 进行了标准化的 96 小时致死浓度 (LC50) 毒性测试，其中包括 9 种分布广泛的原产于北美东部和中部的两栖动物。我们还使用全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS) 对 2 个物种进行了 LC50 测试，并确定了 PFOS 和 PFOA 的毒性在 3 个物种的生命阶段之间是否存在差异。PFAS 和物种之间以及物种内的发育阶段之间的急性毒性各不相同。在所有物种中，PFOS 的毒性比 PFOA 高 8 倍以上。蝾螈龙骨对全氟辛烷磺酸通常比无尾目动物（青蛙和蟾蜍）更敏感。PFOA 的毒性在小嘴蝾螈和灰树蛙中最高，而在杰斐逊蝾螈、美国牛蛙、绿蛙和林蛙中最低。尽管只有 2 个物种暴露于全氟己烷磺酸，但绿蛙的存活率低于美国牛蛙。PFAS 的毒性也因幼虫的发育阶段而异。灰树蛙在发育后期更敏感，小口蝾螈在发育早期更敏感。我们的研究是第一个报告物种、发育阶段和化合物特异性差异在广泛的两栖动物物种中对 PFAS 敏感性的研究之一。我们确定的毒性基准可以为保护和修复工作提供信息，Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021；17：684-689。© 2021 SETAC