Shipping is an activity responsible for a range of different pressures affecting the marine environment, air quality and human welfare. The methodology on how ship emissions impact air quality and human health are comparatively well established and used in cost-benefit analysis of policy proposals. However, the knowledge base is not the same for impacts on the marine environment and a coherent environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of shipping has not yet been made. This risk policies to be biased towards air pollution whilst trading off impacts on the marine environment. The aim of the current study was to develop a comprehensive framework on how different pressures from shipping degrade marine ecosystems, air quality and human welfare. A secondary aim was to quantify the societal damage costs of shipping due to the degradation of human welfare in a Baltic Sea case study. By adding knowledge from marine ecotoxicology and life-cycle analysis to the existing knowledge from climate, air pollution and environmental economics we were able to establish a more comprehensive conceptual framework that allows for valuation of environmental impacts from shipping, but it still omits economic values for biological pollution, littering and underwater noise. The results for the Baltic Sea case showed the total annual damage costs of Baltic Sea shipping to be 2.9 billion €₂₀₁₀ (95% CI 2.0–3.9 billion €₂₀₁₀). The damage costs due to impacts on marine eutrophication (768 million €₂₀₁₀) and marine ecotoxicity (582 million €₂₀₁₀) were in the same range as the total damage costs associated with reduced air quality (816 million €₂₀₁₀) and climate change (737 million €₂₀₁₀). The framework and the results from the current study can be used in future socio-economic assessments of ship emissions to prioritize cost efficient measures. The framework can be used globally but the damage costs presented on the marine environment are restricted to emissions on the Baltic Sea and Kattegat region as they are based on willingness to pay studies conducted on citizens around the Baltic Sea where eutrophication and emissions of chemicals are particularly threats to the state of the Baltic Sea.

航运是一项影响海洋环境，空气质量和人类福祉的各种压力的活动。船舶排放物如何影响空气质量和人类健康的方法已相对完善，并用于政策建议的成本效益分析。但是，关于对海洋环境影响的知识基础并不相同，并且尚未对航运业进行连贯的环境和社会经济影响评估。这种风险政策应偏向空气污染，同时要权衡对海洋环境的影响。当前研究的目的是就运输带来的不同压力如何降低海洋生态系统，空气质量和人类福祉建立一个全面的框架。第二个目的是在波罗的海案例研究中量化由于人类福利下降而造成的社会运输损失成本。通过将来自海洋生态毒理学和生命周期分析的知识添加到有关气候，空气污染和环境经济学的现有知识中，我们能够建立一个更全面的概念框架，该框架可以对船运对环境的影响进行评估，但仍忽略了其的经济价值。生物污染，乱抛垃圾和水下噪音。波罗的海一案的结果显示，波罗的海航运的年度总损失成本为29亿欧元 空气污染和环境经济学，我们能够建立更全面的概念框架，以评估船运对环境的影响，但仍忽略了生物污染，乱抛垃圾和水下噪声的经济价值。波罗的海一案的结果显示，波罗的海航运的年度总损失成本为29亿欧元 空气污染和环境经济学，我们能够建立更全面的概念框架，以评估船运对环境的影响，但仍忽略了生物污染，乱抛垃圾和水下噪声的经济价值。波罗的海一案的结果显示，波罗的海航运的年度总损失成本为29亿欧元₂₀₁₀（95％CI 2.0–39亿欧元₂₀₁₀）。由于对海洋富营养化（7.68亿欧元，_2010年）和海洋生态毒性（5.82亿欧元，_2010年）的影响而造成的损失成本与与降低空气质量（8.16亿欧元，_2010年）和气候变化相关的总损失成本在同一范围内百万欧元₂₀₁₀）。本研究的框架和结果可用于未来船舶排放的社会经济评估，以优先考虑具有成本效益的措施。该框架可在全球范围内使用，但对海洋环境造成的破坏成本仅限于波罗的海和卡特加特地区的排放，因为它们基于愿意对波罗的海周围的居民进行研究的意愿，在该研究中，富营养化和化学物排放尤为严重对波罗的海国家的威胁。