Pistacia spp. remains are common finds among archaeobotanical assemblages in prehistoric sites in Southwest Asia, both in the form of endocarps and charcoal remains. However, in the absence of a systematic study of the fruit morphology, the archaeobotanical remains of Pistacia cannot be identified to the species level and this deprives us of important information on their past geographical distribution and uses. This paper presents a comprehensive study of morphological and traditional morphometric characteristics of modern endocarps of six Pistacia species indigenous to Southwest Asia: P. atlantica Desf., P. eurycarpa Yalt., P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L., P. terebinthus L. and P. vera L. The observation of recurring morphological features that were shown to remain stable during experimental carbonisation allowed us to set up an identification key whose efficiency was tested through a blind test. The application of established identification criteria to archaeobotanical material from the Late Aceramic Neolithic site of Khirokitia-Vounoi in Cyprus, enables an in-depth discussion on the biogeography and use of Pistacia species in prehistoric Cyprus. Finally, the paper identifies directions for future research on a major plant resource of the past.

黄连木属。残骸以内果皮和木炭残骸的形式在西南亚史前遗址的古植物群落中很常见。然而，由于缺乏对果实形态的系统研究，无法鉴定出黄连木的古植物遗迹，因此无法获得有关其过去地理分布和用途的重要信息。本文介绍了六个现代endocarps的形态和传统的形态特征进行全面的研究黄连木本土物种到西南亚：P.王者。Desf，P. eurycarpa。Yalt，P. khinjuk股票，P。lentiscus L.，P. terebinthus L.和P. vera L.对反复出现的形态特征的观察表明在实验碳化过程中保持稳定，这使我们能够建立一个鉴定密钥，并通过盲法测试了其效率。将既定的鉴定标准应用于塞浦路斯Khirokitia- Vounoi的晚期陶器新石器时代遗址的考古植物材料，可以对史前塞浦路斯的黄连木物种的生物地理学和用途进行深入讨论。最后，本文确定了过去对主要植物资源的未来研究方向。