Abstract Male-male social relationships in group-living mammals vary from fierce competition to the formation of opportunistic coalitions or the development of long-lasting bonds. We investigated male-male relationships in Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ), a species characterized by male-male tolerance and affiliation. Guinea baboons live in a multi-level society, with units of one reproductively active “primary” male, 1–6 females, and offspring at the core level. Together with “bachelor” males, several units form a party, and 2–3 parties constitute a gang. We aimed to clarify to which degree male relationship patterns varied with relatedness and pair-bond status, i.e., whether males had primary or bachelor status. Data were collected from 24 males in two parties of Guinea baboons near Simenti in the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal. Males maintained differentiated and equitable affiliative relationships (“strong bonds”) with other males that were stable over a 4-year period, irrespective of their pair-bond status. Remarkably, most bachelor males maintained strong bonds with multiple primary males, indicating that bachelor males play an important role in the cohesion of the parties. A clear male dominance hierarchy could not be established due to the high degree of uncertainty in individual rank scores, yet bachelor males were more likely to be found at the low end of the dominance hierarchy. Average relatedness was significantly higher between strongly bonded males, suggesting that kin biases contribute to the social preferences of males. Long-term data will be needed to test how male bonds affect male tenure and ultimately reproductive success. Significance statement Males living in social groups may employ different strategies to increase their reproductive success, from fierce fighting to opportunistic alliance formation or the development of long-term bonds. To shed light on the factors that shape male strategies, we investigated male-male social relationships in the multilevel society of Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) where “primary” males are associated with a small number of females and their offspring in “units” while other males are “bachelors.” Strong bonds occurred among and between primary and bachelor males and strongly bonded males were, on average, more closely related. Bachelor males typically had multiple bond partners and thus play an important role in the fabric of Guinea baboon societies. Across primate species, neither dispersal patterns nor social organization clearly map onto the presence of strong bonds in males, suggesting multiple routes to the evolution of male bonds.

中文翻译：

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在多层次的灵长类动物社会中，亲属偏见和男性伴侣关系塑造了男性与男性的关系

摘要 群居哺乳动物中的雄性-雄性社会关系从激烈的竞争到机会主义联盟的形成或长期联系的发展不等。我们调查了几内亚狒狒 ( Papio papio ) 的雄性关系，这是一种以雄性耐受性和从属关系为特征的物种。几内亚狒狒生活在一个多层次的社会中，在核心层次上有一个生殖活跃的“初级”雄性、1-6 只雌性和后代。与“单身汉”男性一起，几个单位组成一个党，2-3个党组成一个团伙。我们的目的是阐明男性关系模式在多大程度上随着亲缘关系和夫妻关系状态而变化，即男性是小学还是单身汉。数据是从塞内加尔 Niokolo-Koba 国家公园西门蒂附近两队几内亚狒狒的 24 只雄性身上收集的。雄性与其他雄性在 4 年内保持稳定的差异化和公平的从属关系（“牢固的联系”），无论他们的配对状态如何。值得注意的是，大多数单身男性与多个主要男性保持着牢固的联系，表明单身男性在政党凝聚力中发挥着重要作用。由于个人排名分数的高度不确定性，无法建立明确的男性优势等级，但单身男性更有可能处于优势等级的低端。关系紧密的男性之间的平均亲缘关系显着更高，这表明亲属偏见导致了男性的社会偏好。需要长期数据来测试男性纽带如何影响男性保有权和最终的生殖成功。意义声明 生活在社会群体中的男性可能会采用不同的策略来提高他们的繁殖成功率，从激烈的战斗到机会主义的联盟形成或长期联系的发展。为了阐明塑造雄性策略的因素，我们调查了几内亚狒狒 (Papio papio) 多层次社会中的雄性社会关系，其中“主要”雄性与少数雌性及其“单元”中的后代相关联，而其他男性是“单身汉”。小学和单身男性之间和之间发生了强烈的联系，而强联系的男性平均而言更密切相关。单身男性通常有多个伴侣，因此在几内亚狒狒社会的结构中发挥着重要作用。在灵长类动物中，