Multicellular organisms exchange information and resources between cells to co-ordinate growth and responses. In plants, plasmodesmata establish cytoplasmic continuity between cells to allow for communication and resource exchange across the cell wall. Some plant pathogens use plasmodesmata as a pathway for both molecular and physical invasion. However, the benefits of molecular invasion (cell-to-cell movement of pathogen effectors) are poorly understood. To begin to investigate this and identify which effectors are cell-to-cell mobile, we performed a live imaging-based screen and identified 15 cell-to-cell mobile effectors of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Of these, 6 are hypermobile, showing cell-to-cell mobility greater than expected for a protein of its size. We further identified 3 effectors that can indirectly modify plasmodesmal aperture. Transcriptional profiling of plants expressing hypermobile effectors implicate them in a variety of processes including senescence, glucosinolate production, cell wall integrity, growth and iron metabolism. However, not all effectors had an independent effect on virulence. This suggests a wide range of benefits to infection gained by the mobility of C. higginsianum effectors that likely interact in a complex way during infection.

中文翻译：

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炭疽病炭疽效应物在植物组织中表现出细胞间的过度运动，并调节多种细胞过程之间的细胞间连通性

多细胞生物在细胞之间交换信息和资源以协调生长和反应。在植物中，浆线虫在细胞之间建立了细胞质的连续性，以允许跨细胞壁的通讯和资源交换。一些植物病原体利用胞质线虫作为分子和物理入侵的途径。但是，人们对分子入侵（病原体效应子在细胞间移动）的好处了解得很少。为了开始对此进行调查并确定哪些效应物是细胞间可移动的，我们进行了基于实时成像的筛选，并鉴定了真菌病原体炭疽菌（Colletotrichum higginsianum）的15种细胞间移动效应器。其中6个是超活动的，显示其细胞间移动性大于其大小的蛋白质的预期。我们进一步确定了3个可以间接修饰胞膜孔径的效应子。表达超移动效应子的植物的转录谱分析表明它们参与了多种过程，包括衰老，芥子油苷的产生，细胞壁完整性，生长和铁代谢。但是，并非所有效应子都对毒力具有独立作用。这表明通过希金斯菌的效应子的移动而获得的对感染的广泛益处，其在感染过程中可能以复杂的方式相互作用。