To date, a wide variety of neural tissue implants have been developed for neurophysiology recording from living tissues. An ideal neural implant should minimize the damage to the tissue and perform reliably and accurately for long periods of time. Therefore, the materials utilized to fabricate the neural recording implants become a critical factor. The materials of these devices could be classified into two broad categories: electrode materials as well as packaging and substrate materials. In this review, inorganic (metals and semiconductors), organic (conducting polymers), and carbon-based (graphene and carbon nanostructures) electrode materials are reviewed individually in terms of various neural recording devices that are reported in recent years. Properties of these materials, including electrical properties, mechanical properties, stability, biodegradability/bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and optical properties, and their critical importance to neural recording quality and device capabilities, are discussed. For the packaging and substrate materials, different material properties are desired for the chronic implantation of devices in the complex environment of the body, such as biocompatibility and moisture and gas hermeticity. This review summarizes common solid and soft packaging materials used in a variety of neural interface electrode designs, as well as their packaging performances. Besides, several biopolymers typically applied over the electrode package to reinforce the mechanical rigidity of devices during insertion, or to reduce the immune response and inflammation at the device-tissue interfaces are highlighted. Finally, a benchmark analysis of the discussed materials and an outlook of the future research trends are concluded.

中文翻译：

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综述：用于神经生理学记录植入物的电极和包装材料

迄今为止，已经开发出各种各样的神经组织植入物，用于从活组织中进行神经生理学记录。理想的神经植入物应最大限度地减少对组织的损伤，并能长期可靠、准确地运行。因此，用于制造神经记录植入物的材料成为一个关键因素。这些器件的材料可分为两大类：电极材料以及封装和基板材料。在这篇综述中，无机（金属和半导体）、有机（导电聚合物）和碳基（石墨烯和碳纳米结构）电极材料根据近年来报道的各种神经记录设备分别进行了综述。这些材料的性能，包括电气性能、机械性能、稳定性、讨论了生物降解性/生物再吸收性、生物相容性和光学特性，以及它们对神经记录质量和设备功能的至关重要性。对于封装和基板材料，在身体的复杂环境中长期植入设备需要不同的材料特性，例如生物相容性和水分和气体密封性。本综述总结了各种神经接口电极设计中使用的常见固体和软包装材料，以及它们的包装性能。此外，突出显示了通常应用于电极包的几种生物聚合物，以增强插入过程中设备的机械刚度，或减少设备-组织界面处的免疫反应和炎症。最后，