Abstract Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.

中文翻译：

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与葡萄蓝霉病相关的青霉属的研究和通过植物精油作为无害植物杀菌剂进行管理

摘要 由青霉菌引起的蓝霉病是威胁巴基斯坦葡萄栽培业的主要真菌病害，在处理、运输和分销过程中导致葡萄质量下降。基于鉴定的青霉属物种方法为准确诊断和有效管理提供了更好的策略。在这项研究中，从旁遮普省拉瓦尔品第地区五个主要水果市场的有症状的葡萄串中回收了 13 株分离株。基于形态学数据和多位点系统发育分析，分离物被鉴定为两个不同的物种，即。膨胀青霉（8 个分离株）和壳青霉（5 个分离株）。同时，葡萄串接种所呈现的青霉菌分离株的致病性试验表现出不同程度的严重程度。用于提高果实品质和消除对合成杀菌剂的需求，植物药如百里香 (Thymus vulgaris L.)、茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare L.)、大蒜 (Allium sativum L.)、生姜 (Zingiber officinale L.) 和 carum对浓度为 0.6、0.9、1.2 和 1.5 mg/mL 的（Carum capticum L.）精油 (EO) 进行了评估。体外研究表明，百里香 EO 显着减少了真菌的生长。此外，与减少葡萄腐烂发展和平均减重百分比相关的实验也显示出类似的发现。根据本研究结果，建议百里香 EO 可用作抗青霉菌属的环保植物杀菌剂。引起蓝霉病。植物药，如百里香 (Thymus vulgaris L.)、茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare L.)、大蒜 (Allium sativum L.)、姜 (Zingiber officinale L.) 和香芹 (Carum capticum L.) 精油 (EOs)评估了 0.6、0.9、1.2 和 1.5 mg/mL。体外研究表明，百里香 EO 显着减少了真菌的生长。此外，与减少葡萄腐烂发展和平均减重百分比相关的实验也显示出类似的发现。根据本研究结果，建议百里香 EO 可用作抗青霉菌属的环保植物杀菌剂。引起蓝霉病。植物药，如百里香 (Thymus vulgaris L.)、茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare L.)、大蒜 (Allium sativum L.)、姜 (Zingiber officinale L.) 和香芹 (Carum capticum L.) 精油 (EOs)评估了 0.6、0.9、1.2 和 1.5 mg/mL。体外研究表明，百里香 EO 显着减少了真菌的生长。此外，与减少葡萄腐烂发展和平均减重百分比相关的实验也显示出类似的发现。根据本研究结果，建议百里香 EO 可用作抗青霉菌属的环保植物杀菌剂。引起蓝霉病。评估了 5 毫克/毫升。体外研究表明，百里香 EO 显着减少了真菌的生长。此外，与减少葡萄腐烂发展和平均减重百分比相关的实验也显示出类似的发现。根据本研究结果，建议百里香 EO 可用作抗青霉菌属的环保植物杀菌剂。引起蓝霉病。评估了 5 毫克/毫升。体外研究表明，百里香 EO 显着减少了真菌的生长。此外，与减少葡萄腐烂发展和平均减重百分比相关的实验也显示出类似的发现。根据本研究结果，建议百里香 EO 可用作抗青霉菌属的环保植物杀菌剂。引起蓝霉病。