Produced water is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas production. It has a complex matrix composed of native constituents from geologic formation, chemical additives from fracturing fluids, and ubiquitous bacteria. Characterization of produced water is critical to monitor field operation, control processes, evaluate appropriate management practices and treatment effectiveness, and assess potential risks to public health and environment during the use of treated water. There is a limited understanding of produced water composition due to the inherent complexity and lack of reliable and standardized analytical methods. A comprehensive description of current analytical techniques for produced water characterization, including both standard and research methods, is discussed in this review. Multi-tiered analytical procedures are proposed, including field sampling; sample preservation; pretreatment techniques; basic water quality measurements; organic, inorganic, and radioactive materials analysis; and biological characterization. The challenges, knowledge gaps, and research needs for developing advanced analytical methods for produced water characterization, including target and nontarget analyses of unknown chemicals, are discussed.

中文翻译：

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采出水综合表征分析方法的评述

采出水是与油气生产相关的最大废物流。它具有复杂的基质，由地质构造的天然成分，压裂液的化学添加剂和普遍存在的细菌组成。产出水的表征对于监控现场操作，控制流程，评估适当的管理实践和处理效果以及评估使用处理过的水期间对公共健康和环境的潜在风险至关重要。由于内在的复杂性和缺乏可靠且标准化的分析方法，因此对产出水成分的了解有限。在这篇综述中讨论了对当前用于生产水表征的分析技术的全面描述，包括标准方法和研究方法。提出了多层分析程序，包括现场采样；样品保存；预处理技术；基本水质测量；有机，无机和放射性物质分析；和生物学特性。讨论了开发先进的分析方法来进行采出水表征的挑战，知识差距和研究需求，包括未知化学物质的目标和非目标分析。