Nowadays, wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important in several sectors including industry, transportation, environment and medicine. This trend is reinforced by the spread of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in almost all sectors. Autonomous energy supply is thereby an essential aspect as it decides the flexible positioning and easy maintenance, which are decisive for the acceptance of this technology, its wide use and sustainability. Significant improvements made in the last years have shown interesting possibilities for realizing energy-aware wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) by designing manifold and highly efficient energy converters and reducing energy consumption of hardware, software and communication protocols. Using only a few of these techniques or focusing on only one aspect is not sufficient to realize practicable and market relevant solutions. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review on system design for battery-free and energy-aware WSN, making use of ambient energy or wireless energy transmission. It addresses energy supply strategies and gives a deep insight in energy management methods as well as possibilities for energy saving on node and network level. The aim therefore is to provide deep insight into system design and increase awareness of suitable techniques for realizing battery-free and energy-aware wireless sensor nodes.

中文翻译：

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如今，无线传感器网络在包括工业，运输，环境和医药在内的多个领域中变得越来越重要。物联网（IoT）技术在几乎所有领域的普及都进一步加强了这一趋势。因此，自主能源供应是必不可少的方面，因为它决定了灵活的定位和易于维护的状态，这对于接受这项技术，其广泛使用和可持续性至关重要。过去几年中的重大改进显示了通过设计多种高效的能量转换器并减少硬件，软件和通信协议的能耗来实现节能无线传感器节点（WSN）的有趣可能性。仅使用这些技术中的几种或仅专注于一个方面不足以实现可行的和与市场相关的解决方案。因此，本文对利用环境能量或无线能量传输的无电池和节能型WSN的系统设计进行了全面的回顾。它讨论了能源供应策略，并在能源管理方法以及节点和网络级别的节能方面提供了深刻的见解。因此，目的是提供对系统设计的深入了解，并提高对实现无电池和能量敏感型无线传感器节点的合适技术的认识。它讨论了能源供应策略，并在能源管理方法以及节点和网络级别的节能方面提供了深刻的见解。因此，目的是提供对系统设计的深入了解，并提高对实现无电池和能量敏感型无线传感器节点的合适技术的认识。它讨论了能源供应策略，并在能源管理方法以及节点和网络级别的节能方面提供了深刻的见解。因此，目的是提供对系统设计的深入了解，并提高对实现无电池和能量敏感型无线传感器节点的合适技术的认识。