On April 7, 2020, Wisconsin held its presidential primary election, and news reports showed long lines of voters due to fewer polling locations. We use county-level variation in voting patterns and weekly county-level COVID test data to examine whether in-person voting increased COVID-19 cases. We find a statistically significant association between in-person voting density and the spread of COVID-19 2–3 weeks after the election. In our main results, a 10% increase in in-person voters per polling location is associated with an 18.4% increase in the COVID-19 positive test rate 2–3 weeks later.

中文翻译：

---

现场投票与 COVID-19 之间的关系：来自威斯康星州初选的证据


2020年4月7日，威斯康星州举行总统初选，新闻报道显示，由于投票地点较少，选民排起了长队。我们利用县级投票模式的变化和每周县级 COVID 测试数据来检查现场投票是否增加了 COVID-19 病例。我们发现，选举后 2-3 周内，现场投票密度与 COVID-19 的传播之间存在统计上显着的关联。在我们的主要结果中，每个投票地点的现场选民增加 10% 与 2-3 周后 COVID-19 阳性检测率增加 18.4% 相关。