Plantation forestry has economic, social, and ecological potentials, such as the opportunity for jobs, income and economic development, or possible carbon storage and soil protection. However, plantation forestry, if inappropriately managed and spatially integrated, has been shown to raise environmental conflicts with stakeholders in the vicinity of plantations. To avoid and manage such conflicts, their root causes must be profoundly understood. Some conflicts have a distributional character and arise from differential or unjust access to resources. Others have causes that relate to perceptions and constructions of the natural environment, environmental values and norms and social legitimacy of livelihoods in the vicinity of plantation. Conflicts with such a constitutional character may become intractable if their root causes are not identified. This study addresses the situation of smallholders affected by the proximity of commercial forestry that has expanded vastly during the last decades. Based on a Grounded Theory approach, it disentangles the perceived impacts of pine and eucalyptus plantations on rural livelihoods. It shows that a profound environmental conflict is given, although this conflict is not prominent in the political discourse in Chile. The conflict consists of an ostensible level of conflict, which mainly relates to material impacts plantation impose to smallholder livelihoods. However, more profoundly, there is a fundamental conflict level, which comprises questions of illegitimacy of land use in the study site and a perceived erosion of rurality. It discusses potential strategies for conflict resolution and shows that current intents are prone to fail, since they address the ostensible level, but disregard the fundamental level of conflict. This conclusion is expected to shed light on the situation in other countries, where afforestation measures are currently undertaken.

中文翻译：

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被松树和桉树侵占？关于智利林业与小农生计之间环境冲突的扎根理论

人工林具有经济、社会和生态潜力，例如就业机会、收入和经济发展，或可能的碳储存和土壤保护。然而，人工林业如果管理和空间整合不当，已被证明会引发与人工林附近利益相关者的环境冲突。为了避免和管理此类冲突，必须深刻理解其根源。有些冲突具有分配特征，是由于对资源的获取差异或不公正而引起的。其他原因与对自然环境的看法和建设、环境价值观和规范以及种植园附近生计的社会合法性有关。如果不查明其根本原因，具有这种宪法特征的冲突可能会变得棘手。本研究探讨了受过去几十年来大幅扩张的商业林业影响的小农的状况。它基于扎根理论方法，理清了松树和桉树种植园对农村生计的影响。它表明存在深刻的环境冲突，尽管这种冲突在智利的政治话语中并不突出。冲突包括表面层面的冲突，主要与种植园对小农生计造成的实质性影响有关。然而，更深刻的是，存在着根本性的冲突，其中包括研究地点土地使用的非法性和对乡村性的侵蚀的问题。它讨论了解决冲突的潜在策略，并表明当前的意图很容易失败，因为它们解决了表面层面的问题，但却忽视了冲突的根本层面。这一结论有望为目前正在采取造林措施的其他国家的情况提供借鉴。