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Pushing the boundary? Testing the ‘functional elongation hypothesis’ of the giraffe's neck
Evolution ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-22 , DOI: 10.1111/evo.14171
Marilena A Müller 1 , Luisa J F Merten 1 , Christine Böhmer 2, 3 , John A Nyakatura 1
Affiliation  

While giraffes maintain the usual mammalian cervical number of seven vertebrae, their first thoracic vertebra (T1) exhibits aberrant anatomy and has been hypothesized to functionally elongate the neck. We test this 'functional elongation hypothesis' by combining phylogenetically informed analyses of neck length, three-dimensional (3D) vertebral shape, and of the functional significance of shape differences across a broad sample of ruminants and camelids. Digital bone models of the cervicothoracic transition were subjected to 3D geometric morphometric analysis revealing how the shape of the seventh cervical (C7) has converged in several long-necked species. However, we find a unique 'cervicalization' of the giraffe's T1. In contrast, we demonstrate a 'thoracalization' of C7 for the European bison. Other giraffids (okapi and extinct Sivatherium) did not exhibit 'cervicalized' T1 morphology. Quantitative range of motion (ROM) analysis at the cervicothoracic transition in ruminants and camelids confirms the 'functional elongation hypothesis' for the giraffe in terms of increased mobility, especially in regard of dorso-ventral flexion/extension. Additionally, other factors related to the unique morphology of the giraffe's cervicothoracic transition such as neck posture and intervertebral stability are discussed and should be considered in future studies of giraffe neck evolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译:

突破界限?测试长颈鹿脖子的“功能性伸长假说”

虽然长颈鹿保持着哺乳动物通常的七节椎骨数量,但它们的第一个胸椎 (T1) 表现出异常的解剖结构,并被假设可以在功能上拉长颈部。我们通过结合对颈部长度、三维 (3D) 椎体形状的系统发育分析以及反刍动物和骆驼科动物的广泛样本的形状差异的功能意义来测试这种“功能性伸长假说”。颈胸椎过渡的数字骨模型进行了 3D 几何形态测量分析,揭示了第七颈椎 (C7) 的形状如何在几个长颈物种中融合。然而,我们发现了长颈鹿 T1 的独特“宫颈化”。相比之下,我们展示了欧洲野牛的 C7 的“胸骨化”。其他长颈鹿(霍加皮和已灭绝的 Sivatherium)没有表现出“宫颈化”的 T1 形态。反刍动物和骆驼科动物颈胸过渡处的定量运动范围 (ROM) 分析证实了长颈鹿的“功能性伸长假说”在增加活动能力方面,特别是在背腹弯曲/伸展方面。此外,还讨论了与长颈鹿颈胸椎过渡的独特形态相关的其他因素,例如颈部姿势和椎间稳定性,并应在未来的长颈鹿颈部进化研究中加以考虑。本文受版权保护。版权所有。反刍动物和骆驼科动物颈胸过渡处的定量运动范围 (ROM) 分析证实了长颈鹿的“功能性伸长假说”在增加活动能力方面,特别是在背腹弯曲/伸展方面。此外,还讨论了与长颈鹿颈胸椎过渡的独特形态相关的其他因素,例如颈部姿势和椎间稳定性,并应在未来的长颈鹿颈部进化研究中加以考虑。本文受版权保护。版权所有。反刍动物和骆驼科动物颈胸过渡处的定量运动范围 (ROM) 分析证实了长颈鹿的“功能性伸长假说”在增加活动能力方面,特别是在背腹弯曲/伸展方面。此外,还讨论了与长颈鹿颈胸椎过渡的独特形态相关的其他因素,例如颈部姿势和椎间稳定性,并应在未来的长颈鹿颈部进化研究中加以考虑。本文受版权保护。版权所有。讨论了颈胸椎过渡,例如颈部姿势和椎间稳定性,并应在未来的长颈鹿颈部进化研究中加以考虑。本文受版权保护。版权所有。讨论了颈胸椎过渡,例如颈部姿势和椎间稳定性,并应在未来的长颈鹿颈部进化研究中加以考虑。本文受版权保护。版权所有。
更新日期:2021-01-22
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