Three-dimensional, organotypic models of the oral mucosa have been developed to study a wide variety of phenomena occurring in the oral cavity. Although a number of models have been developed in academic research labs, only a few models have been commercialized. Models from academic groups offer a broader range of phenotypes while the commercial models are more focused on the oral and gingival mucosa. The commercialized models are manufactured under highly controlled conditions and meet the requirements of quality standards, which leads to high levels of reproducibility. These in vitro models have been used to evaluate the irritancy of oral care products such as toothpastes, mouthwashes, and mucoadhesives. The effects of cigarette smoke on oral cavity tissues have been studied and compared to those of e-cigarettes. Oral tissue models have facilitated investigation of the mechanisms of oral mucositis and oral candidiasis and have been used to examine transbuccal drug delivery rates and the absorption of nanoparticles. Infection studies have investigated the effects of HIV-1 along with the effects of commensal and pathogenic bacteria. More recently, a differentiated oral tissue model has been shown to express the ACE2 receptor, which is known to be important for the receptor-mediated entry of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into human cells and tissues. Hence, oral mucosal models may find application in determining whether viral infection of the oral mucosa is possible and whether such infection has implications vis-a-vis the current COVID-19 pandemic. As is apparent, these models are used in a broad variety of applications and often offer advantages versus animal models in terms of reproducibility, avoiding species extrapolation, and the ethical concerns related to human and animal experimentation. The goals of this paper are to review commercially available models of the human buccal and gingival mucosa and highlight their use to gain a better understanding of a broad range of phenomena affecting tissues in the oral cavity.

口腔粘膜的三维器官型模型已被开发用于研究口腔中发生的各种现象。尽管学术研究实验室已经开发了许多模型，但只有少数模型已商业化。来自学术团体的模型提供了更广泛的表型，而商业模型则更关注口腔和牙龈粘膜。商业化模型是在高度受控的条件下制造的，符合质量标准的要求，从而具有高水平的可重复性。这些体外模型已用于评估牙膏、漱口水和粘膜粘合剂等口腔护理产品的刺激性。已经研究了香烟烟雾对口腔组织的影响，并与电子烟进行了比较。口腔组织模型促进了口腔粘膜炎和口腔念珠菌病机制的研究，并已用于检查经颊药物输送率和纳米颗粒的吸收。感染研究调查了 HIV-1 的影响以及共生菌和致病菌的影响。最近，一种分化的口腔组织模型已被证明表达 ACE2 受体，已知该受体对于受体介导的 SARS-CoV-2 冠状病毒进入人体细胞和组织非常重要。因此，口腔粘膜模型可用于确定口腔粘膜病毒感染是否可能以及这种感染是否对当前的 COVID-19 大流行产生影响。 显然，这些模型具有广泛的应用，并且在可重复性、避免物种外推以及与人类和动物实验相关的伦理问题方面通常比动物模型具有优势。本文的目的是回顾人类颊粘膜和牙龈粘膜的商业模型，并强调它们的用途，以更好地了解影响口腔组织的各种现象。