Daily human activities generate greenhouse gases. The total emission of greenhouse gases is called the carbon footprint and is expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) units. As a new educational institution, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) began to take part in an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) programme that supports the reduction in carbon emissions. In this study, the total amount of CO₂ produced from UTM during 4 years was measured under three categories: (1) the emissions from the fleet of university vehicles for public transportation, (2) the electricity and water emissions, and (3) the emissions produced by staff and student transportation, waste generation, paper, and maintenance by contractors. The special evaluation method is an alternative method to calculate greenhouse gases and measures all elements/sources of greenhouse gases under the same functional unit. This reference helps the assessor to avoid the double measurement of anthropogenic gases. The study results demonstrated that air transportation utilised by university students and employees and electricity usage contributed to 34.74%, 19.37%, and 18.19% of the carbon emissions, respectively. The total CO₂ emissions from the three sources over 4 years were 48.442 MT. The data on the carbon footprint of the university can form the basis for monitoring, evaluation, and regulation of greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia. Moreover, the university constructed and operates a smart house, a large solar parking lot with a capacity of 10 MW, uses solar and wind-powered lighting, and encourages the use of bicycles and electric scooters to achieve an annual reduction in the total CO₂ emissions intensity. The results of this study suggested that a carbon reduction project could encourage university members and public society to an understanding of the environment and allowing UTM to become a centre of excellence for the operation of a green campus for urban areas.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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评估运输，电力，水和废物产生中的碳足迹：迈向可再生能源的利用

人类的日常活动会产生温室气体。温室气体的总排放量称为碳足迹，以二氧化碳当量（CO ₂ e）单位表示。作为一个新的教育机构，马来西亚Teknologi大学（UTM）开始参加政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）计划，该计划支持减少碳排放。在这项研究中，CO ₂的总量在4年内，UTM产生的排放量可分为以下三类：（1）用于公共运输的大学车辆车队的排放量；（2）电力和水的排放量；（3）员工和学生运输产生的排放量，废物承包商的发电，纸张和维护。特殊评估方法是计算温室气​​体并测量同一功能单元下温室气体的所有元素/源的替代方法。此参考有助于评估者避免对人为气体的双重测量。研究结果表明，大学生和员工利用航空运输和用电量分别占碳排放量的34.74％，19.37％和18.19％。总CO ₂这三个来源在4年中的排放量为48.442吨。该大学的碳足迹数据可以构成监测，评估和调节马来西亚温室气体排放的基础。此外，该大学还建造并经营了一座智能住宅，一个容量为10 MW的大型太阳能停车场，使用太阳能和风力照明，并鼓励使用自行车和电动踏板车以实现每年的总CO ₂减少量。排放强度。这项研究的结果表明，减碳项目可以鼓励大学成员和公众社会了解环境，并使UTM成为城市绿色校园运营的卓越中心。

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