Women tend to be both underrepresented in science and overrepresented in organized religion, yet the connection between these two phenomena is rarely examined. With survey data collected among 6,537 biologists and physicists from four national contexts—the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and India—we test whether science as a social field shapes religious expressions and attitudes differently for men and women. Findings reveal a religious gender gap in India and Italy but not in the United States and the United Kingdom. Further, except in Italy, men had higher odds of perceiving religion and science to be in conflict, believing that their colleagues have a negative attitude about religion, and reporting that science made them less religious. Evidence suggests that men in science may disproportionately internalize normative pressures to masculinize by eschewing religion. Our findings have implications for selection into academic science and the practice of religion among men and women in science.

中文翻译：

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科学中的“做性别”和“做宗教”：跨国考试

妇女在科学中的代表性往往偏低，而在有组织的宗教中则偏重，但是这两种现象之间的联系很少受到检验。利用从四个国家（美国，英国，意大利和印度）的6,537位生物学家和物理学家收集的调查数据，我们测试了科学作为一种社会领域是否对男人和女人的宗教表达和态度产生了不同的影响。调查结果显示，印度和意大利存在宗教性别差距，但美国和英国则没有。此外，除了意大利以外，男人更有可能认为宗教与科学发生冲突，他们认为自己的同事对宗教持消极态度，并且认为科学使他们减少了宗教信仰。有证据表明，科学界的人可能会通过规避宗教而过分地内部化男性化的规范压力。我们的发现对科学界的男女入选学术科学和宗教实践具有重要意义。