Around the turn of the first millennium, new and experimental types of Sanskrit literature flourished in Kashmir. Poets like Bilhaṇa (eleventh century ce) and Maṅkha (first half of the twelfth century ce) embedded their works in the lived experience of medieval Kashmir, describing their home and family against the backdrop of the valley's mountains and cities. This regional self‐awareness reached a peak in the twelfth‐century poetic description of Kashmir, its kings, and its politics, the Rājataraṅgiṇī (River of Kings) written by Kalhaṇa. Kashmiri Sanskrit literature delighted in descriptions of the valley, yet this use of place and space has been until now little theorized. How is this sense of place constructed? What can the imagination of place in Kashmiri Sanskrit texts tell us about how the authors saw themselves in the world? This essay looks at these questions through a critical evaluation of Shonaleeka Kaul's monograph, The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajataraṅgiṇī. Kaul attempts to demarcate a specific Indic identity for Kashmir. Through a reading of the Rājataraṅgiṇī she posits a regionally coherent Kashmiriness that is nevertheless integrated into the wider Sanskrit cultural realm of the subcontinent. This essay both nuances and questions Kaul's broad claims while urging a careful reevaluation of Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅginī and other literary representations of Kashmir's landscape. Here I argue that the descriptions of landscape must be contextualized within the broader rhetorical strategies of the text itself, and question Kaul's underlying claim of a Sanskrit identity that speaks itself through Kalhaṇa. By doing so I hope to highlight both the historical embeddedness and agency of Kashmiri poets in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

中文翻译：

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景观所在的地方：喀什米尔邦和喀什米尔邦对喀什米尔的想象

大约在第一个千年之交，克什米尔地区出现了新的和实验性的梵文文献类型。像比纳（十一世纪诗人CE）和Maṅkha（十二世纪的前半CE）嵌入他们的作品在中世纪克什米尔的生活经验，对描述山谷的山脉和城市的背景下，他们的家和家人。这一区域的自我意识达到了在克什米尔，它的君王，其政治，第十二世纪诗意的描述峰值Rājataraṅgiṇī（国王河）由Kalhaṇa撰写。喀什米尔语梵语文学作品对山谷的描述感到高兴，但迄今为止，对位置和空间的这种利用尚无理论依据。这种地方感是如何构建的？克什米尔语梵文文本中的位置想象力可以告诉我们有关作者如何看待世界的信息？本文通过对肖纳利卡·考尔（Shonaleeka Kaul）的专着《克什米尔早期的形成：拉贾塔拉吉吉里的风景与身份》的批判性评价来审视这些问题。考尔试图为克什米尔划定一个特定的印度身份。通过阅读Rajataraṅgiṇī她提出了一个区域统一的克什米尔语，尽管如此，该克什米尔语却融入了该次大陆的更广泛的梵文文化领域。这篇文章既有细微差别，又对考尔的广泛主张提出了质疑，同时敦促对卡尔哈ṇ的《拉贾塔拉ṅ吉尼》和其他克什米尔风景的文学表现形式进行认真的重新评估。在这里，我认为对景观的描述必须在文本本身的更广泛的修辞策略中与背景相关，并质疑考尔对通过喀尔ṇ迦说自己的梵文身份的潜在主张。通过这样做，我希望强调克什米尔语诗人在11世纪和12世纪的历史渊源和代理。