Sutherland's differential association theory and the life‐course perspective have at times been conceptualized as contrasting theories of criminal behavior. I argue instead that our understanding of delinquency, the dynamics underlying criminal persistence and desistance, and intergenerational patterns will be enhanced by a more explicit integration of these two traditions. I focus on family processes as these are foundational intimate relationships that remain underappreciated as a source of lifelong learning and influence. Although family support and variations in parental supervision have been amply investigated, “direct transmission” takes place within the family as well as within the confines of the more heavily studied world of adolescent peer groups. I identify five dimensions of direct transmission and illustrate these dynamic processes with qualitative data from two longitudinal studies and results of recent quantitative analyses. The analysis is generally in line with Sutherland's original formulation but includes several extensions and modifications. It is important to include a role for human agency, and for “noncriminal” definitions and lifestyle factors, in addition to the directly criminogenic definitions Sutherland and subsequent researchers have emphasized. The focus on social processes is, however, consistent with Sutherland's goal of highlighting limitations of psychological and biological differences explanations.

中文翻译：

---

继续教育：走向社会学习的生命历程视角

萨瑟兰的差异关联理论和生命历程视角有时被概念化为犯罪行为的对比理论。相反，我认为，通过更明确地整合这两种传统，我们对犯罪、犯罪持续和停止的动力以及代际模式的理解将得到加强。我专注于家庭过程，因为这些是基本的亲密关系，作为终身学习和影响的来源仍然未被重视。尽管已经对家庭支持和父母监督的变化进行了充分研究，但“直接传播”发生在家庭内部以及青少年同龄人群体研究得更深入的范围内。我确定了直接传播的五个维度，并用来自两个纵向研究的定性数据和最近的定量分析结果来说明这些动态过程。该分析通常与 Sutherland 的原始表述一致，但包括一些扩展和修改。除了萨瑟兰和随后的研究人员强调的直接犯罪定义之外，重要的是要包括人类能动性、“非犯罪”定义和生活方式因素的作用。然而，对社会过程的关注与萨瑟兰强调心理和生物学差异解释的局限性的目标是一致的。s 原始公式，但包括几个扩展和修改。除了萨瑟兰和随后的研究人员强调的直接犯罪定义之外，重要的是要包括人类能动性、“非犯罪”定义和生活方式因素的作用。然而，对社会过程的关注与萨瑟兰强调心理和生物学差异解释的局限性的目标是一致的。s 原始公式，但包括几个扩展和修改。除了萨瑟兰和随后的研究人员强调的直接犯罪定义之外，重要的是要包括人类能动性、“非犯罪”定义和生活方式因素的作用。然而，对社会过程的关注与萨瑟兰强调心理和生物学差异解释的局限性的目标是一致的。