Despite renewed interests in the labeling perspective and the impact of official intervention on individuals' future outcomes, scant attention has been given to potential conditioning factors for theorized labeling processes. We argue that, when viewed through a symbolic interactionist lens, variations in the nature of primary social groups, through which individuals filter official labels like arrest, may generate patterns for subsequent self-concept and delinquency that are contrary to what labeling theory indicates. To test our rationale, we offer a moderated mediation model in which gang membership is expected to differentially impact the effect of arrest on future delinquency through an intermediary mechanism: self-esteem. We test a gang-nongang dichotomy and then probe further to test whether hypothesized effects are gang specific or occur similarly for nongang youths with highly delinquent peer groups. Analyzed using Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) data (N = 961), comparisons between gang members and nonaffiliated youths with similarly highly delinquent peer groups revealed no significant differences in conditional indirect effects of arrest on self-esteem and future delinquency; the two groups were similarly insulated from any negative impact of arrest on self-esteem. For nongang youths with fewer delinquent peers, however, arrest significantly reduced later self-esteem, which in turn increased their future delinquency.

中文翻译：

---

重要的人不介意重要吗？帮派与犯罪同伴组成员关系对标记过程的影响

尽管对标签观点和官方干预对个人未来结果的影响重新产生了兴趣，但很少关注理论化标签过程的潜在条件因素。我们认为，从象征性互动论的角度来看，主要社会群体性质的变化（个人通过这些群体过滤逮捕等官方标签）可能会产生与标签理论所表明的相反的随后的自我概念和犯罪模式。为了测试我们的基本原理，我们提供了一个适度的调解模型，在该模型中，团伙成员身份预计会通过中介机制：自尊对逮捕对未来犯罪的影响产生不同的影响。我们测试了帮派与非帮派的二分法，然后进一步探讨了假设的影响是否是帮派特有的，或者对于有严重犯罪同龄人的非帮派青年是否会发生类似的情况。使用罗切斯特青年发展研究 (RYDS) 数据 (N = 961) 进行分析后，犯罪团伙成员与非附属青年之间的比较，其犯罪率相似的同龄人群体在逮捕对自尊和未来犯罪的条件间接影响方面没有显着差异；这两组人同样不受逮捕对自尊的任何负面影响。然而，对于同龄人较少的非帮派青年来说，被捕后的自尊显着降低，这反过来又增加了他们未来的犯罪率。使用罗切斯特青年发展研究 (RYDS) 数据 (N = 961) 进行分析，比较犯罪团伙成员和非附属青年与同样严重犯罪的同龄人群体之间的比较显示，逮捕对自尊和未来犯罪的条件间接影响没有显着差异；这两组人同样不受逮捕对自尊的任何负面影响。然而，对于同龄人较少的非帮派青年来说，被捕后的自尊显着降低，这反过来又增加了他们未来的犯罪率。使用罗切斯特青年发展研究 (RYDS) 数据 (N = 961) 进行分析后，犯罪团伙成员与非附属青年之间的比较，其犯罪率相似的同龄人群体在逮捕对自尊和未来犯罪的条件间接影响方面没有显着差异；这两组人同样不受逮捕对自尊的任何负面影响。然而，对于同龄人较少的非帮派青年来说，被捕后的自尊显着降低，这反过来又增加了他们未来的犯罪率。