This article argues that the current crisis of relations between states and citizens in the Arab Middle East cannot just be traced to the rise of postcolonial authoritarian regimes but further back, to the rise of the modern state in the early 19th century. The development of modern citizenship regimes has not empowered citizens, it has instead led to a more passive mode of citizenship. After a historical discussion of the various ruling bargains in modern regional history, the article concludes with a discussion of ongoing protests demanding more active citizenship regimes.

中文翻译：

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阿拉伯世界的主动和被动公民身份

本文认为，当前阿拉伯中东国家与公民之间的关系危机不仅可以追溯到后殖民专制政权的兴起，还可以追溯到19世纪初现代国家的崛起。现代公民制度的发展并没有赋予公民权力，反而导致了一种更为被动的公民模式。在对现代区域历史上的各种裁价协议进行历史性讨论之后，本文以对正在进行的要求更积极的公民权制度的抗议活动进行了讨论。