In exploring extension planning in Spain and Germany from 1848 to 1914, this essay aims to illuminate the shifting interpretations of the urban environment that accompanied this activity. The comparison rests on the fact that during this period, engineers in both Spain and Germany readily sought to “catch up” to models of urban development seen mainly in France. The extensions in Madrid (1860) and Berlin (1862) were, for example, deeply influenced by contemporaneous rationalization projects undertaken by Georges - Eugene Haussmann in Paris. Likewise extensions in second or smaller Spanish cities such as Barcelona (1860), Valencia (1858; 1868; 1884), or Malaga (1878) were developed in comparison to French standards. It was a similar story in German cities such as Cologne (1880), Dusseldorf (1884), and Munich (1893), where Parisian or Viennese models were often expressly considered or used to critique planning. Hence in this period, ,building officials not only made comparable interventions in the built environment based on international models , they also used a similar language with which to talk about the changing identity of the city. Professionals and bourgeois residents were aware of such trends, and they too used broadly analogous terms of reference to interpret the changing identity of the city.

中文翻译：

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打倒城墙！西班牙和德国城市扩展规划中的地方政治，1848-1914

在探索 1848 年至 1914 年西班牙和德国的扩展规划时，本文旨在阐明伴随这一活动的城市环境的变化解释。这种比较基于这样一个事实，即在此期间，西班牙和德国的工程师都乐于“赶上”主要在法国看到的城市发展模式。例如，马德里（1860 年）和柏林（1862 年）的扩建深受 Georges - Eugene Haussmann 在巴黎同时进行的合理化项目的影响。同样，与法国标准相比，在巴塞罗那（1860 年）、瓦伦西亚（1858 年；1868 年；1884 年）或马拉加（1878 年）等西班牙第二大城市或较小的城市进行了扩展。在科隆（1880 年）、杜塞尔多夫（1884 年）和慕尼黑（1893 年）等德国城市，情况也类似。巴黎或维也纳模式经常被明确考虑或用于批评规划。因此，在这一时期，建筑官员不仅根据国际模式对建筑环境进行了类似的干预，他们还使用类似的语言来谈论城市身份的变化。专业人士和资产阶级居民意识到了这种趋势，他们也使用广泛的类似参考术语来解释城市不断变化的身份。