In 1855, Francis Galton, the Victorian polymath best remembered today as the founder of eugenics, published a small volume of suggestions for travelers called The Art of Travel. Sized to fit into a pocket, the book was a vade mecum for adventurers, “a Manual for all who have to rough it, whether they be explorers, emigrants, missionaries, or soldiers.” Guidebooks for Europeans traveling to foreign countries had a long history, stretching back at least to the origins of the Grand Tour in the seventeenth century. The field expanded rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century, as publishers scrambled to accommodate the tourism boom that followed the advent of railway and steamship travel. Galton was thus writing for a large and diverse market that had been dominated since 1836 by John Murray’sHandbooks for Travellers, soon to be joined by Alexander Tighe Gregory’s popular series Practical Guides by an Englishman Abroad (1858) and by the first English translation of the powerhouse Baedeker Guides (1861). Yet Galton’s little book was a novelty. Rather than providing information on monuments and historic sites, or on the most affordable hotels and restaurants to be found abroad, he offered detailed descriptions of an array of skills, or “useful contrivances,” that would assist those who endeavored to make their way through “wild countries” far from the beaten path and the comforts of civ-

中文翻译：

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北极之谜和帝国野心：追捕约翰富兰克林爵士和维多利亚时代的生存文化

1855 年，维多利亚时代的博学者弗朗西斯·高尔顿 (Francis Galton) 作为优生学的创始人而被人们铭记，他为旅行者出版了一小册建议书，名为《旅行的艺术》(The Art of Travel)。这本书大小可以放进口袋，是冒险者的福音书，“一本适合所有必须粗暴对待的人的手册，无论他们是探险家、移民、传教士还是士兵。” 欧洲人出国旅游的指南历史悠久，至少可以追溯到 17 世纪大旅游的起源。这个领域在 19 世纪中叶迅速扩展，因为出版商争先恐后地适应铁路和轮船旅行出现后的旅游业繁荣。因此，高尔顿正在为一个自 1836 年以来一直由约翰·默里 (John Murray) 的《旅行者手册》主导的庞大而多样化的市场写作，很快将加入亚历山大·泰格·格雷戈里（Alexander Tighe Gregory）广受欢迎的《海外英国人实用指南》系列（1858 年）和强大的 Baedeker 指南（1861 年）的第一个英文译本。然而，高尔顿的小书是一个新奇事物。他没有提供有关纪念碑和历史遗迹的信息，也没有提供国外最实惠的酒店和餐馆的信息，而是详细描述了一系列技能或“有用的发明”，以帮助那些努力通过的人远离人迹罕至的“野蛮国家”和文明的舒适