Using a corpus of millions of digitized books, we document the presence and trajectory over time of stereotypical gender associations in the written English language from 1800 to 2000. We employ the novel methodology of word embeddings to quantify male gender bias: the tendency to associate a domain with the male gender. We measure male gender bias in four stereotypically gendered domains: career, family, science, and arts. We found that stereotypical gender associations in language have decreased over time but still remain, with career and science terms demonstrating positive male gender bias and family and arts terms demonstrating negative male gender bias. We also seek evidence of changing associations corresponding to the second shift and find partial support. Traditional gender ideology is latent within the text of published English-language books, yet the magnitude of traditionally gendered associations appears to be decreasing over time.

中文翻译：

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随着时间的流逝，语言中的定型性别联想下降

我们使用成千上万的数字化图书，记录了从1800年到2000年间英语成语中刻板印象的性别联想的存在和轨迹。我们使用词嵌入的新颖方法来量化男性性别偏见：将性别偏见关联的趋势男性性别。我们在四个定型性别领域中测量男性性别偏见：职业，家庭，科学和艺术。我们发现，随着时间的流逝，语言中的定型性别联想有所减少，但仍然存在，职业和科学术语表明男性性别偏向积极，而家庭和艺术术语表明男性性别偏向消极。我们还寻找与第二个转变相对应的联想变化的证据，并找到部分支持。