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The Last Bastion of Categorical Inequality?
Social Science History ( IF 0.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 , DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2019.9
Volker H. Schmidt

As the title suggests, the first chapter of Rogers Brubaker’s (2015: 10) book Grounds for Difference focuses on “the relation between difference and inequality.”Asmembers of the human species, people share many characteristics while also differing from each other in certain ways. Some of the differences between them are irrelevant in most respects, others are accorded some—varying—weight in different contexts. Differences of the latter sort include age, skin color and/or race, sex and gender, sexual orientation/ preferences, religious creed/affiliation, ethnicity, language, nationality, citizenship, and others. As markers of identification, they sort people horizontally. In and of themselves, they are thus axiologically neutral. This distinguishes them from differences on a vertical plane, which rank people according to some metric, to the degrees in which they possess or control valued qualities such as wealth, income, education, health, positional status and prestige, rights, and so on. These differences are not just differences but also inequalities. In the real world, the two types of difference are multiply interrelated. Neutral markers of identification become categorical inequalities because falling or being placed into a particular category is typically associated with various privileges and/or disadvantages. Brubaker’s concern is twofold: first, to show that existing links between difference and inequality are not necessary but contingent; and second, to account for the different ways in which they manifest themselves for different categories in different contexts. In other words, not only are these links socially constructed and amenable to change but they also follow different logics of coupling. All categorizations can turn into inequalities, but they do this differently and with different consequences for different groups of people. To develop his argument, Brubaker (2015: 10) invites us to imagine a hypothetical world wherein horizontal categorizations and vertical rankings are “entirely independent of each other.” Vertical or, as I prefer to call them (Schmidt 2013a), gradual inequalities would still exist, but they would reflect differences within categories, not between them. So the world Brubaker wants us to visualize is a world without genuine categorical inequalities, a world that was completely category (Brubaker says: difference) blind. How distant from the world we actually inhabit is this scenario? As it turns out, it is both quite far removed from and close to our world. It is far removed from it insofar as categorical differences of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, citizenship, and so forth, do of course have a profound bearing on social inequality. Every sociologist knows this. At the same time, it is remarkably similar to what we believe our world should be like. The hypothetical scenario Brubaker envisions is not some strange, barely conceivable utopia, but a world we are fully familiar with, the ideational world that supplies the very standards by which we daily judge the existing one and often enough find it to be wanting. We are aware of the huge discrepancies between reality and ideal, but this does not lead us to abandon

中文翻译:

分类不平等的最后堡垒?

顾名思义,罗杰斯·布鲁贝克(Rogers Brubaker)(2015:10)的第一章着重于“差异与不平等之间的关系”。作为人类的一员,人们拥有许多特征,但又在某些方面彼此不同。在大多数方面,它们之间的某些差异无关紧要,而在其他情况下,其他差异则具有不同的权重。后者的差异包括年龄,肤色和/或种族,性别和性别,性取向/偏好,宗教信仰/隶属关系,种族,语言,国籍,公民身份等。作为识别的标记,它们将人员水平排列。因此,就其自身而言,它们在价值上是中立的。这将他们与垂直平面上的差异区分开来,后者根据某种度量对人进行排名,他们拥有或控制有价值的素质的程度,例如财富,收入,教育,健康,职务地位和声望,权利等。这些差异不仅是差异,而且是不平等。在现实世界中,两种类型的差异是相互关联的。中性的识别标记成为分类上的不平等,因为落入或置于特定类别通常会带来各种特权和/或劣势。布鲁贝克的关注有两个方面:第一,表明差异和不平等之间的现有联系不是必要的,而是偶然的。其次,要说明它们在不同情况下针对不同类别体现自己的方式。换一种说法,这些联系不仅在社会上得以构建并且易于改变,而且遵循不同的耦合逻辑。所有分类都可能导致不平等,但是它们的作用不同,对不同的人群产生不同的后果。为了表达他的观点,布鲁贝克(2015:10)邀请我们想象一个假设的世界,其中水平分类和垂直排名“彼此完全独立”。纵向不平等,或者我更喜欢称呼它们(Schmidt 2013a),仍会存在逐步的不平等,但它们会反映类别之间的差异,而不是类别之间的差异。因此,布鲁贝克希望我们想象的世界是一个没有真正的分类不平等的世界,一个完全属于盲目范畴的世界(布鲁贝克说:差异)。这种情况与我们实际居住的世界有多远?事实证明,它与我们的世界相距甚远。就种族,种族,性别,性别,性,宗教,公民身份等的类别差异而言,它与之相去甚远,这当然对社会不平等有着深远的影响。每个社会学家都知道这一点。同时,它与我们认为我们的世界应该非常相似。布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 它与我们的世界相距甚远。就种族,种族,性别,性别,性,宗教,公民身份等的类别差异而言,它与之相去甚远,这当然对社会不平等有着深远的影响。每个社会学家都知道这一点。同时,它与我们认为我们的世界应该非常相似。布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 它与我们的世界相距甚远。就种族,种族,性别,性别,性,宗教,公民身份等的类别差异而言,它与之相去甚远,这当然对社会不平等有着深远的影响。每个社会学家都知道这一点。同时,它与我们认为我们的世界应该非常相似。布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 性别,性,宗教,公民身份等当然对社会不平等有着深远的影响。每个社会学家都知道这一点。同时,它与我们认为我们的世界应该非常相似。布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 性别,性,宗教,公民身份等当然对社会不平等有着深远的影响。每个社会学家都知道这一点。同时,它与我们认为我们的世界应该非常相似。布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃 布鲁贝克所设想的假设情景不是陌生的,几乎无法想象的乌托邦,而是一个我们完全熟悉的世界,这个观念世界提供了我们日常判断现有标准的标准,并且经常足以判定它是想要的。我们意识到现实与理想之间的巨大差异,但这并没有导致我们放弃
更新日期:2019-01-01
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