:Adam Smith argues that virtue falls into two broad categories: “justice,” which he calls a “negative” virtue because it principally comprises restraint from harming or injuring others; and “beneficence,” which he calls “positive” because it comprises the actions we ought to take to improve others’ situations. Smith’s conception of justice is thus quite “thin,” and some critics argue that it is indeed too thin, since it fails to incorporate substantive concerns for the well-being of others. In this essay, I lay out Smith’s conception of justice and offer a way to understand it that attempts to comprehend the various things he says about it. I then offer a cluster of objections drawing on criticisms that might fall under the heading of “social justice.” Finally, I suggest how Smith might respond to the criticisms by outlining a Smithian conception of what I call “ultimate justice.”

中文翻译：

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亚当·史密斯谈正义、社会正义和终极正义

：亚当·斯密认为美德分为两大类：“正义”，他称之为“消极”美德，因为它主要包括不伤害或伤害他人的克制；和“善行”，他称之为“积极的”，因为它包含了我们应该采取的改善他人处境的行动。因此，斯密的正义概念相当“单薄”，一些批评者认为它确实太单薄了，因为它没有包含对他人福祉的实质性关注。在这篇文章中，我列出了史密斯的正义概念，并提供了一种理解它的方法，试图理解他所说的各种事情。然后，我根据可能属于“社会正义”标题的批评提出了一系列反对意见。最后，