:In this essay I examine restrictions on labor as takings of property: a liberty to work is property, and restrictions of that liberty are takings. I set property in one’s labor within a unified framework for all forms of property, understood as a social institution for balancing two freedoms: freedom to act even if it interferes with someone else, and freedom from interference. As such, property includes not only possession but also use and disposition. To restrict use or disposition is to alter those freedoms, which is a taking of property, including property in one’s labor. I understand such takings to be justified insofar as they benefit the persons whose freedoms are altered, taking up the question of when restrictions on use and disposition of labor are to the benefit or the harm of excluded workers. Appreciating that labor is property, and that restrictions on labor are takings, reframes the justificatory burden that restrictions on labor must bear. And where that justification is lacking, this approach reframes the nature of the wrongs that unjustified restrictions perpetrate, especially against the most vulnerable workers.

中文翻译：

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自有、劳动和许可

: 在这篇文章中，我把对劳动的限制看作是对财产的索取：工作自由就是财产，对这种自由的限制就是索取。我将一个人的劳动财产置于所有形式财产的统一框架内，将其理解为平衡两种自由的社会制度：即使干涉他人也可以采取行动的自由，以及不受干涉的自由。因此，财产不仅包括占有，还包括使用和处置。限制使用或处置就是改变那些自由，这是一种财产的获取，包括一个人的劳动财产。我理解这样的征收是合理的，因为它们有利于自由被改变的人，考虑到限制使用和处置劳动力何时对被排除在外的工人有利或有害的问题。认识到劳动是财产，并且对劳动力的限制是一种收入，重新构建了对劳动力的限制必须承担的正当性负担。在缺乏这种正当性的地方，这种方法重新定义了不合理限制所犯下的错误的性质，尤其是针对最脆弱的工人。