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Economic Growth and Biological Innovation: The Development of the European Dairy Sector, 1865–1940
Rural History ( IF 0.3 ) Pub Date : 2016-09-14 , DOI: 10.1017/s0956793316000042
ISMAEL HERNÁNDEZ ADELL , JOSEP PUJOL-ANDREU

:In this article we discuss an aspect of economic growth that has not been the subject of much consideration in economic and agrarian history to date: the effect of biological innovations on farming development between the mid nineteenth century and the 1930s. We have focused on dairy farming for two reasons. Firstly, dairy farming played a relevant economic role in a number of European regions during this period. Secondly, one of its products, liquid milk, was probably the most significant food during the early stages of the European nutrition transition. We present new statistical data for the evolution of dairy farming in different Northern European countries as well as Spain, and evaluate the impact of cattle population and milk yields in each case. We also link milk yields and the availability of fodder, but special attention is paid to the breeds kept and techniques for their improvement. The article shows that cattle improvement played a significant role in Central and Northern Europe from the mid nineteenth century, but that this was not the case in Spain. Improvement through inbreeding was soon discarded in Spain, absorbent crossbreeding failed, and the sector became dependent on foreign imports of bulls and cows, first from Switzerland and later from Holland. By taking these factors into consideration we can better understand why the dairy sector in Mediterranean Europe did not really begin until the late nineteenth century and why it stagnated in the wake of the First World War.

中文翻译:

经济增长和生物创新:1865-1940 年欧洲乳业的发展

: 在本文中,我们讨论了经济增长的一个方面,该方面迄今为止在经济和农业史上并未得到太多考虑:19 世纪中叶至 1930 年代生物创新对农业发展的影响。我们专注于奶牛养殖有两个原因。首先,在此期间,奶牛养殖在许多欧洲地区发挥了相关的经济作用。其次,它的一种产品液态奶可能是欧洲营养转型早期最重要的食物。我们提供了不同北欧国家以及西班牙奶牛养殖发展的新统计数据,并评估了每种情况下牛群和牛奶产量的影响。我们还将牛奶产量和饲料供应量联系起来,但特别注意饲养的品种和改良技术。文章表明,从 19 世纪中期开始,牛的改良在中欧和北欧发挥了重要作用,但在西班牙并非如此。通过近亲繁殖的改良很快在西班牙被放弃,吸收性杂交失败,该部门开始依赖外国进口公牛和奶牛,首先从瑞士,后来从荷兰。通过考虑这些因素,我们可以更好地理解为什么地中海欧洲的乳制品行业直到 19 世纪后期才真正开始,以及为什么它在第一次世界大战之后停滞不前。文章表明,从 19 世纪中期开始,牛的改良在中欧和北欧发挥了重要作用,但在西班牙并非如此。通过近亲繁殖的改良很快在西班牙被放弃,吸收性杂交失败,该部门开始依赖外国进口公牛和奶牛,首先从瑞士,后来从荷兰。通过考虑这些因素,我们可以更好地理解为什么地中海欧洲的乳制品行业直到 19 世纪后期才真正开始,以及为什么它在第一次世界大战后停滞不前。文章表明,从 19 世纪中期开始,牛的改良在中欧和北欧发挥了重要作用,但在西班牙并非如此。通过近亲繁殖的改良很快在西班牙被放弃,吸收性杂交失败,该部门开始依赖外国进口公牛和奶牛,首先从瑞士,后来从荷兰。通过考虑这些因素,我们可以更好地理解为什么地中海欧洲的乳制品行业直到 19 世纪后期才真正开始,以及为什么它在第一次世界大战后停滞不前。首先来自瑞士,后来来自荷兰。通过考虑这些因素,我们可以更好地理解为什么地中海欧洲的乳制品行业直到 19 世纪后期才真正开始,以及为什么它在第一次世界大战后停滞不前。首先来自瑞士,后来来自荷兰。通过考虑这些因素,我们可以更好地理解为什么地中海欧洲的乳制品行业直到 19 世纪后期才真正开始,以及为什么它在第一次世界大战之后停滞不前。
更新日期:2016-09-14
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